Effect size plots representing differences in the density (A) and biomass (C) of nocturnal, diurnal, and cathemeral prey fish on reefs at predator-depleted Tabuaeran Atoll relative to predator-heavy Palmyra Atoll.

<p>Positive values represent increases at Tabuaeran. Percentage of surveys (B) in which nocturnal prey fish were sighted at Palmyra and Tabuaeran. Comparisons of the biomass of all large (≥10 kg) diurnal and cathemeral piscivorous predators (D) at both atolls. All values are mean, ±1 SE. Surveys marked with the same letters in each species grouping are not significantly different (after post-hoc correction).</p

Appendix A. SNK tests conducted after ANOVAs comparing shoot density of seagrass plugs transplanted into inbtertidal and subtidal habitats at two sites in Middle Marsh, North Carolina, USA.

SNK tests conducted after ANOVAs comparing shoot density of seagrass plugs transplanted into inbtertidal and subtidal habitats at two sites in Middle Marsh, North Carolina, USA

Appendix B. SNK tests conducted after ANOVAs comparing total invertebrate abundances, number of invertebrate families, and total infaunal and epifaunal abundances from benthic cores collected at different depths and within both vegetated and unvegetated habitats.

SNK tests conducted after ANOVAs comparing total invertebrate abundances, number of invertebrate families, and total infaunal and epifaunal abundances from benthic cores collected at different depths and within both vegetated and unvegetated habitats

Examples of two species of nocturnal reef fish surveyed in this study: <i>Myripristis berndti</i> (A) and <i>Priacanthus hamrur</i> (B).

<p>The large eye to body length ratios of these two species (<i>M. berndti</i>: 0.15; <i>P. hamrur</i>: 0.11) give evidence of their nocturnal lifestyle. Like many nocturnal fish, <i>M. berndti</i> and <i>P. hamrur</i> both dramatically increased in abundance at Tabuaeran where large daytime active predators were less abundant. Example diurnal fish <i>Chlorurus sordidus</i> (C) and <i>Epibulus insidiator</i> (D) exhibit the smaller eye to body length ratios (<i>C. sordidus</i>: 0.05; <i>E. insidiator</i>: 0.05) that are more characteristic of diurnal reef fish. These species were among the diurnal prey fish taxa whose abundance showed negative or weak responses to predator depletion.</p

Appendix A. A summary table of studies included in the meta-analyses of the effects of protection in marine reserves on fish community structure.

A summary table of studies included in the meta-analyses of the effects of protection in marine reserves on fish community structure

Kamenos et al RSPB-2016-1159

Kamenos et al RSPB-2016-115

Appendix K. Summary of results of GLMMs for each host–parasite combination.

Summary of results of GLMMs for each host–parasite combination

Supplement 1. Source code for simulation model, simulation readme, and associated parameter files.

<h2>File List</h2><blockquote> <a href="fish.jar">fish.jar</a> (md5: d366caa56781738816a87f7b31bf5226)<br> <a href="fish.src.jar">fish.src.jar</a> (md5: 387da049a0c835710df147f6d03cfe99)<br> <a href="fish_stats.txt">fish_stats.txt</a> (md5: e437e19552b37e20871097ff259cbe8a)<br> <a href="sim_parameters.txt">sim_parameters.txt</a> (md5: 093ccbfb4f6c1642172d6cdd067f35ab)<br> <a href="readme.pdf">readme.pdf</a> (md5: 57659754dff53bdd4fa07ebbc88e3973)<br> </blockquote><h2>Description</h2><blockquote> fish.jar contains the compiled program to run simulation model used in paper.<br> fish.src.jar contains the Java source for simulation model used in paper.<br> fish_stats.txt contains parameter values for simulation fish/fishes.<br> sim_parameters.txt contains parameter values for the full simulation.<br> readme.pdf contains instruction for operation of the simulation. </blockquote

Appendix F. Parasite taxa detected in each host species, with natural history information.

Parasite taxa detected in each host species, with natural history information

Appendix B. Caribbean trophic model parameter estimates.

Caribbean trophic model parameter estimates