MOESM1 of Risk and protective factors for mental health problems in preschool-aged children: cross-sectional results of the BELLA preschool study

Additional file 1: Table S1. Bivariate logistic regression analyses of risk and protective factors for MHP in preschoolers (N = 391), unweighted data. Table S2. Hierarchical multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk and protective factors for MHP in preschoolers (N = 391), unweighted data

Risk and protective factors of health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: Results of the longitudinal BELLA study

<div><p>Aims</p><p>Cross-sectional studies demonstrated associations of several sociodemographic and psychosocial factors with generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children and adolescents. However, little is known about factors affecting the change in child and adolescent HRQoL over time. This study investigates potential psychosocial risk and protective factors of child and adolescent HRQoL based on longitudinal data of a German population-based study.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Data from the BELLA study gathered at three measurement points (baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-ups) were investigated in <i>n</i> = 1,554 children and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years at baseline. Self-reported HRQoL was assessed by the KIDSCREEN-10 Index. We examined effects of sociodemographic factors, mental health problems, parental mental health problems, as well as potential personal, familial, and social protective factors on child and adolescent HRQoL at baseline as well as over time using longitudinal growth modeling.</p><p>Results</p><p>At baseline, girls reported lower HRQoL than boys, especially in older participants; low socioeconomic status and migration background were both associated with low HRQoL. Mental health problems as well as parental mental health problems were negatively, self-efficacy, family climate, and social support were positively associated with initial HRQoL. Longitudinal analyses revealed less increase of HRQoL in girls than boys, especially in younger participants. Changes in mental health problems were negatively, changes in self-efficacy and social support were positively associated with the change in HRQoL over time. No effects were found for changes in parental mental health problems or in family climate on changes in HRQoL. Moderating effects for self-efficacy, family climate or social support on the relationships between the investigated risk factors and HRQoL were not found.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The risk factor mental health problems negatively and the resource factors self-efficacy and social support positively affect the development of HRQoL in young people, and should be considered in prevention programs.</p></div

Description of the analyzed sample of children and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years (at baseline).

<p>Description of the analyzed sample of children and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years (at baseline).</p

Effects of risk and protective factors on health-related quality of life in children and adolescents.

<p>Continuous lines mark significant effects, interrupted lines indicate non-significant effects, resulting from regression Models A and B. <i>n</i> = 1,554. HRQoL = Health-related quality of life measured with the KIDSCREEN-10 Index [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190363#pone.0190363.ref008" target="_blank">8</a>]; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190363#pone.0190363.ref039" target="_blank">39</a>]; SCL-S-9 = Symptom-Check List Short version-9 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190363#pone.0190363.ref041" target="_blank">41</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190363#pone.0190363.ref042" target="_blank">42</a>]; SE = General Self-Efficacy Scale [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190363#pone.0190363.ref043" target="_blank">43</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190363#pone.0190363.ref044" target="_blank">44</a>]; FCS = an eight-item score based on the Family Climate Scale [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190363#pone.0190363.ref045" target="_blank">45</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190363#pone.0190363.ref046" target="_blank">46</a>]; SSS-short = eight items of the German version of the Social Support Survey [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190363#pone.0190363.ref047" target="_blank">47</a>]; β = standardized regression coefficient; ***<i>p</i> ≤ .001.</p

Description of the analyzed sample of children and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years (at baseline).

<p>Description of the analyzed sample of children and adolescents aged 11 to 17 years (at baseline).</p

Predictors of the initial status and the change in child and adolescent health-related quality of life.

<p>Predictors of the initial status and the change in child and adolescent health-related quality of life.</p

Parents with mental health problems and their children in a German population based sample: Results of the BELLA study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Mental health problems (MHP) of parents are associated with an increased risk of psychological and developmental difficulties in their children. This study aims at analyzing population-based data of parents with MHP and their children and the effects of associated risk factors in order to further targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The BELLA study is the mental health module of the German National Health Interview and Examination Survey among Children and Adolescents. MHP in parents and in their children as well as associated risk factors were examined in a sample of <i>N</i> = 1158 parents with children aged 11 to 17 years.</p><p>Results</p><p>Parental MHP were identified in 18.6% of the sample. Risk factors associated with parental MHP were low SES, parental unemployment, stressful life events, parental daily strain, parental chronic disease, and child MHP. A rate of 19.1% of the children of parents with MHP reported MHP themselves, the corresponding rate among children of parents without MHP was 7.7%. In multiple regression analyses the risk for children of parents with MHP to report MHP themselves was almost two times higher than the risk of children of parents without MHP. Other significant associations with child MHP included gender, the parents’ age, and stressful life events.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Parental MHP constitute a significant risk for the mental health of their children. Targeted screening methods and preventive interventions are needed.</p></div

Families with and without parental MHP and their children.

<p>Families with and without parental MHP and their children.</p

Risk factors for parental MHP.

<p>Risk factors for parental MHP.</p