Wee1 kinase alters cyclin E/Cdk2 and promotes apoptosis during the early embryonic development of Xenopus laevis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The cell cycles of the <it>Xenopus laevis </it>embryo undergo extensive remodeling beginning at the midblastula transition (MBT) of early development. Cell divisions 2–12 consist of rapid cleavages without gap phases or cell cycle checkpoints. Some remodeling events depend upon a critical nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, whereas others rely on a maternal timer controlled by cyclin E/Cdk2 activity. One key event that occurs at the MBT is the degradation of maternal Wee1, a negative regulator of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In order to assess the effect of Wee1 on embryonic cell cycle remodeling, Wee1 mRNA was injected into one-cell stage embryos. Overexpression of Wee1 caused cell cycle delay and tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdks prior to the MBT. Furthermore, overexpression of Wee1 disrupted key developmental events that normally occur at the MBT such as the degradation of Cdc25A, cyclin E, and Wee1. Overexpression of Wee1 also resulted in post-MBT apoptosis, tyrosine phosphorylation of Cdks and persistence of cyclin E/Cdk2 activity. To determine whether Cdk2 was required specifically for the survival of the embryo, the cyclin E/Cdk2 inhibitor, Δ34-Xic1, was injected in embryos and also shown to induce apoptosis.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Taken together, these data suggest that Wee1 triggers apoptosis through the disruption of the cyclin E/Cdk2 timer. In contrast to Wee1 and Δ34-Xic1, altering Cdks by expression of Chk1 and Chk2 kinases blocks rather than promotes apoptosis and causes premature degradation of Cdc25A. Collectively, these data implicate Cdc25A as a key player in the developmentally regulated program of apoptosis in <it>X. laevis </it>embryos.</p

Lipid-mediated membrane binding properties of Disabled-2

AbstractDisabled-2 (Dab2) is an adaptor protein involved in several biological processes ranging from endocytosis to platelet aggregation. During endocytosis, the Dab2 phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain mediates protein binding to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. As a result of platelet activation, Dab2 is released from α-granules and associates with both the αIIbβ3 integrin receptor and sulfatide lipids on the platelet surface through its N-terminal region including the PTB domain (N-PTB), thus, modulating platelet aggregation. Thrombin, a strong platelet agonist, prevents Dab2 function by cleaving N-PTB within the two basic motifs required for sulfatide association, a reaction that is prevented when Dab2 is bound to these sphingolipids. We have characterized the membrane binding properties of Dab2 N-PTB using micelles enriched with Dab2 lipid ligands, sulfatides and PtdIns(4,5)P2. Remarkably, NMR spectroscopy studies suggested differences in lipid-binding mechanisms. In addition, we experimentally demonstrated that sulfatide- and PtdIns(4,5)P2-binding sites overlap in Dab2 N-PTB and that both lipids stabilize the protein against temperature-induced unfolding. We found that whereas sulfatides induced conformational changes and facilitated Dab2 N-PTB penetration into micelles, Dab2 N-PTB bound to PtdIns(4,5)P2 lacked these properties. These results further support our model that platelet membrane sulfatides, but not PtdIns(4,5)P2, protect Dab2 N-PTB from thrombin cleavage

Sulfatides Partition Disabled-2 in Response to Platelet Activation

Background: Platelets contact each other at the site of vascular injury to stop bleeding. One negative regulator of platelet aggregation is Disabled-2 (Dab2), which is released to the extracellular surface upon platelet activation. Dab2 inhibits platelet aggregation through its phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain by competing with fibrinogen for aIIbb3 integrin receptor binding by an unknown mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using protein-lipid overlay and liposome-binding assays, we identified that the N-terminal region of Dab2, including its PTB domain (N-PTB), specifically interacts with sulfatides. Moreover, we determined that such interaction is mediated by two conserved basic motifs with a dissociation constant (K d) of 0.6 mM as estimated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. In addition, liposome-binding assays combined with mass spectroscopy studies revealed that thrombin, a strong platelet agonist, cleaved N-PTB at a site located between the basic motifs, a region that becomes protected from thrombin cleavage when bound to sulfatides. Sulfatides on the platelet surface interact with coagulation proteins, playing a major role in haemostasis. Our results show that sulfatides recruit N-PTB to the platelet surface, sequestering it from integrin receptor binding during platelet activation. This is a transient recruitment that follows N-PTB internalization by an actin-dependent process. Conclusions/Significance: Our experimental data support a model where two pools of Dab2 co-exist at the platelet surface

Shorter Exposures to Harder X-Rays Trigger Early Apoptotic Events in Xenopus laevis Embryos

A long-standing conventional view of radiation-induced apoptosis is that increased exposure results in augmented apoptosis in a biological system, with a threshold below which radiation doses do not cause any significant increase in cell death. The consequences of this belief impact the extent to which malignant diseases and non-malignant conditions are therapeutically treated and how radiation is used in combination with other therapies. Our research challenges the current dogma of dose-dependent induction of apoptosis and establishes a new parallel paradigm to the photoelectric effect in biological systems. embryo. Three different experimental scenarios were analyzed and morphological and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis were evaluated. Initially, we examined cell death events in embryos exposed to increasing incident energies when the exposure time was preset. Then, we evaluated the embryo's response when the exposure time was augmented while the energy value remained constant. Lastly, we studied the incidence of apoptosis in embryos exposed to an equal total dose of radiation that resulted from increasing the incoming energy while lowering the exposure time. absorbed dose of radiation, the response is significantly increased when shorter bursts of more energetic photons are used. These results suggest that biological organisms display properties similar to the photoelectric effect in physical systems and provide new insights into how radiation-mediated apoptosis should be understood and utilized for therapeutic purposes

Molecular characterization of a novel phosphoprotein intermediary in the mechanism of action of protein hormones

Trabajos previos de nuestro laboratorio han permitido caracterizar una fosfoproteína novel (p43), intermediaria en la síntesis de esteroides en la zona fasciculata de la corteza adrenal de rata (Paz C. et al. (1994) Eur. J. Biochem. 224:709-716). En la presente Tesis, se describe la caracterización molecular de p43 asi como también la regulación hormonal del transcripto. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que p43 es homóloga a una acil-CoA tioesterasa mitocondrial. La secuencia aminoacídica deducida de la proteína presentó sitios consenso de fosforilación para diferentes proteínas quinasas y un motíf para serina Lipasa. Anticuerpos dirigidos contra un péptido sintético que incluye dicho motif y otro contra la región N-terminal de p43, bloquearon la actividad biológica de la proteína. El transcripto de p43 fue detectado en ovario de ratas pseudopreñadas, en zona fasciculata y glomerulosa de adrenal de rata, en una línea tumoral de células de Leydig, en cerebro de ratón y en placenta humana. El tratamiento de ratas con dexametasona (Dx) provoca una disminución en los niveles del ARNm de p43 de manera dosisdependiente en adrenales de rata. El tratamiento posterior con ACTH no sólo revierte el efecto de la Dx, sino que produce un aumento rápido (5 min) en los niveles del mensajero alcanzando un máximo a los 15 min (62%) y retornando a los valores basales a los 30 min posteriores al estímulo. El tratamiento con actinomicina D o cicloheximida antes del estímulo con ACTH provoca una disminución o un aumento en los niveles del ARNm de p43 respectivamente. Estos resultados relacionan por primera vez que una actividad de acil-CoA tioesterasa está involucrada en los procesos esteroidogénicos.We have previously reported the purification of a phosphoprotein (p43) intermediary in steroid synthesis from adrenal zona fasciculata (Paz C. et al. (1994) Eur. J. Biochem. 224:709-716). Here we describe the cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding p43 as well as the hormonal regulation of p43 transcript. The protein resulted homologous to a very recently described mitochondrial peroxisome proliferator-induced very-long-chain acyl-CoA thioesterase. The deduced amino acid sequence of the protein shows consensus sites for phosphorylation by different protein kinases, and a Lipase serine motif. Antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide that includes the Lipase serine motif and against the N-terminal region of p43 block the action of the protein. The transcript of p43 was detected in ovary of pseudopregnant rats, rat adrenal zona fasciculata and glomerulosa, mouse Leydig tumor cell line, rat brain and human placenta. Inhibition of adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)release and steroid synthesis by dexamethasone produced a dosedependent decrease in the abundance of the adrenal transcript. The transcript was induced by in vivo stimulation of the adrenals with ACTH. The effect had a rapid onset (5 min), reached maximal stimulation (62%) at 15 min and returned to basal levels at 30 min. ACTH effect on p43 transcript was inhibited by actinomycin D and enhanced by cycloheximide. Our results provide the first evidence linking acyl-CoA thioesterases, with very-long-chain specificities, and a protein intermediary in steroid synthesis, thereby supporting a regulatory role for acyI-CoA thioesterases in steroidogenic tissues.Fil:Finkielstein, Carla V.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina