Epidemiology and risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus colonization in children in the post-PCV7 era

BACKGROUND: The incidence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has risen dramatically in the U.S., particularly among children. Although Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization has been inversely associated with S. aureus colonization in unvaccinated children, this and other risk factors for S. aureus carriage have not been assessed following widespread use of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Our objectives were to (1) determine the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA colonization in young children in the context of widespread use of PCV7; and (2) examine risk factors for S. aureus colonization in the post-PCV7 era, including the absence of vaccine-type S. pneumoniae colonization. METHODS: Swabs of the anterior nares (S. aureus) were obtained from children enrolled in an ongoing study of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization of healthy children in 8 Massachusetts communities. Children 3 months to <7 years of age seen for well child or sick visits in primary care offices from 11/03-4/04 and 10/06-4/07 were enrolled. S. aureus was identified and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed. Epidemiologic risk factors for S. aureus colonization were collected from parent surveys and chart reviews, along with data on pneumococcal colonization. Multivariate mixed model analyses were performed to identify factors associated with S. aureus colonization. RESULTS: Among 1,968 children, the mean age (SD) was 2.7 (1.8) years, 32% received an antibiotic in the past 2 months, 2% were colonized with PCV7 strains and 24% were colonized with non-PCV7 strains. The prevalence of S. aureus colonization remained stable between 2003-04 and 2006-07 (14.6% vs. 14.1%), while MRSA colonization remained low (0.2% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.09). Although absence of pneumococcal colonization was not significantly associated with S. aureus colonization, age (6-11 mo vs. > or =5 yrs, OR 0.39 [95% CI 0.24-0.64]; 1-1.99 yrs vs. > or =5 yrs, OR 0.35 [0.23-0.54]; 2-2.99 yrs vs. > or =5 yrs, OR 0.45 [0.28-0.73]; 3-3.99 yrs vs. > or =5 yrs, OR 0.53 [0.33-0.86]) and recent antibiotic use were significant predictors in multivariate models. CONCLUSION: In Massachusetts, S. aureus and MRSA colonization remained stable from 2003-04 to 2006-07 among children <7 years despite widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. S. aureus nasal colonization varies by age and is inversely correlated with recent antibiotic use

An Ancient Relation between Units of Length and Volume Based on a Sphere

The modern metric system defines units of volume based on the cube. We propose that the ancient Egyptian system of measuring capacity employed a similar concept, but used the sphere instead. When considered in ancient Egyptian units, the volume of a sphere, whose circumference is one royal cubit, equals half a hekat. Using the measurements of large sets of ancient containers as a database, the article demonstrates that this formula was characteristic of Egyptian and Egyptian-related pottery vessels but not of the ceramics of Mesopotamia, which had a different system of measuring length and volume units

Conception et évaluation d'un nouvel outil de diagnostic utilisant l'Ektacytométrie à gradient osmolaire

The ability of red blood cells (RBC) to change their shape under varying conditions is a crucial property allowing these cells to go through capillaries narrower than their own diameter. Ektacytometry is a technique for measuring deformability by exposing a highly diluted blood sample to shear stress and evaluating the resulting elongation in RBC shape using a laser diffraction pattern. This work contributes to the design and evaluation of a new diagnostic technique based on osmotic scan ektacytometry, using a microfluidic method. It allows the measurement of deformability of an RBC population, as a function of varying medium osmolality. This measurement makes possible a differential diagnosis for any one of a number of RBC disorders presenting similar symptoms. It also permits the physician to follow the effects of treatments. Both theoretical aspects based on flow equations and a proof of principle are discussed. This new technique opens up the possibility of building a simple, small footprint instrument described in this work that can be used with finger prick amounts of bloodLa capacité des globules rouges à modifier leur forme en fonction de conditions externes spécifiques représente une propriété fondamentale permettant aux cellules de traverser des capillaires de diamètres plus petits que leur propre diamètre. L’ektacytométrie est une technique utilisée pour mesurer la déformabilité des globules rouges en exposant un échantillon très dilué de sang à des contraintes de cisaillement et en mesurant l’élongation resultante des globules par l'analyse de la figure de diffraction laser. Ce travail contribue à la conception et l’évaluation d’un nouveau dispositif de diagnostic basé sur la méthode microfluidique d'ektacytométrie à gradient osmolaire. Elle permet de mesurer la déformabilité d'une population de globules rouges (RBC), en fonction de l'osmolalité de milieu. Cette mesure permet un diagnostic différentiel d'un certain nombre de troubles de globules rouges présentant des symptômes similaires. Elle permet également de suivre les effets de certains traitements. Des aspects théoriques qui s’appuient sur les équations des écoulements et une preuve de principe sont discutés. Cette nouvelle technique ouvre la possibilité de construire un instrument simple et peu encombrant, décrit dans ce travail, ne nécessitant qu'un prélèvement de sang au bout du doig

Design and evaluation of a new diagnostic instrument for osmotic gradient ektacytometrie

La capacité des globules rouges à modifier leur forme en fonction de conditions externes spécifiques représente une propriété fondamentale permettant aux cellules de traverser des capillaires de diamètres plus petits que leur propre diamètre. L’ektacytométrie est une technique utilisée pour mesurer la déformabilité des globules rouges en exposant un échantillon très dilué de sang à des contraintes de cisaillement et en mesurant l’élongation resultante des globules par l'analyse de la figure de diffraction laser. Ce travail contribue à la conception et l’évaluation d’un nouveau dispositif de diagnostic basé sur la méthode microfluidique d'ektacytométrie à gradient osmolaire. Elle permet de mesurer la déformabilité d'une population de globules rouges (RBC), en fonction de l'osmolalité de milieu. Cette mesure permet un diagnostic différentiel d'un certain nombre de troubles de globules rouges présentant des symptômes similaires. Elle permet également de suivre les effets de certains traitements. Des aspects théoriques qui s’appuient sur les équations des écoulements et une preuve de principe sont discutés. Cette nouvelle technique ouvre la possibilité de construire un instrument simple et peu encombrant, décrit dans ce travail, ne nécessitant qu'un prélèvement de sang au bout du doigtThe ability of red blood cells (RBC) to change their shape under varying conditions is a crucial property allowing these cells to go through capillaries narrower than their own diameter. Ektacytometry is a technique for measuring deformability by exposing a highly diluted blood sample to shear stress and evaluating the resulting elongation in RBC shape using a laser diffraction pattern. This work contributes to the design and evaluation of a new diagnostic technique based on osmotic scan ektacytometry, using a microfluidic method. It allows the measurement of deformability of an RBC population, as a function of varying medium osmolality. This measurement makes possible a differential diagnosis for any one of a number of RBC disorders presenting similar symptoms. It also permits the physician to follow the effects of treatments. Both theoretical aspects based on flow equations and a proof of principle are discussed. This new technique opens up the possibility of building a simple, small footprint instrument described in this work that can be used with finger prick amounts of bloo

Absolute Chronology of Megiddo, Israel, in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages: High-Resolution Radiocarbon Dating

International audienceMegiddo (Israel) is a key site for the study of the stratigraphy, chronology, and history of the Bronze andIron ages in the Levant. The article presents a Bayesian chronological model for seven ceramic typology phases and 10stratigraphic horizons at this site, covering the Late Bronze and much of the Iron Age. The model is based on 78 samples,which provided 190 determinations—the most thorough set of radiocarbon determinations known so far in a single site in theLevant. This set of data provides a reliable skeleton for the discussion of cultural processes and historical events in the regionand beyond, including the periods of the Egyptian Empire in Canaan and the Northern Kingdom of Israel

Algorithmic handwriting analysis of the Samaria inscriptions illuminates bureaucratic apparatus in biblical Israel.

Past excavations in Samaria, capital of biblical Israel, yielded a corpus of Hebrew ink on clay inscriptions (ostraca) that documents wine and oil shipments to the palace from surrounding localities. Many questions regarding these early 8th century BCE texts, in particular the location of their composition, have been debated. Authorship in countryside villages or estates would attest to widespread literacy in a relatively early phase of ancient Israel's history. Here we report an algorithmic investigation of 31 of the inscriptions. Our study establishes that they were most likely written by two scribes who recorded the shipments in Samaria. We achieved our results through a method comprised of image processing and newly developed statistical learning techniques. These outcomes contrast with our previous results, which indicated widespread literacy in the kingdom of Judah a century and half to two centuries later, ca. 600 BCE