Photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of selected psychoactive drugs in aquatic environment

Ispitana je direktna i indirektna fotoliza alprazolama (ALP) i amitriptilina (AMI) primenom UV, vidljivog  i simuliranog sunčevog zračenja (SSZ). Takođe, praćena je stabilnost vodenih rastvora ALP i AMI u mraku.  U okviru ispitivanja fotokatalitičke  razgradnje ALP,ispitana je efikasnost ZnO i TiO2  Degussa P25 primenom UV i SSZ.  Takođe, proučavan je  utica jmasene koncentracije fotokatalizatora, pH, kao i uticaj hvatača radikala/šupljina  i elektron-akceptora.  Praćen je stepen mineralizacije merenjem ukupnog organskog ugljenika i primenom  jonske hromatografije. Takođe, detaljno su ispitani reakcioni intermedijeri.  Dalje,ispitano  je ponovno korišćenje ZnO u tri uzastopna procesa razgradnje ALP. U cilju praćenja citotoksičnosti ALP, ispitan je  in vitro rast dve ćelijske linije: Neuro-2a i MRC-5. Zatim,proučavana je efikasnost sintetisanih ZnO (ZnO modifikovani mlevenjem i kalcinacijom, ZnO dopirani jonima Mg(II), ternarni i  mešani  cink-kalaj-oksidi) i TiO2  (anatas  TiO2  nedopirani  i dopirani La(III)-jonima, brukitni TiO2) nanoprahova u razgradnji ALP primenom UV i SSZ. U okviru fotokatalitičke razgradnje AMI, ispitana  je  efikasnost  razgradnje  pri različitim eksperimentalnim uslovima  (uticaj vrste fotokatalizatora i zračenja, masene  koncentracije fotokatalizatora, početne koncentracije supstrata, uticaj prisustva  kako  hvatača radikala i šupljina, tako  i elektron-akceptora). Praćen je stepen mineralizacije merenjem ukupnog organskog ugljenika i  primenom  jonske hromatografije.  U cilju praćenja citotoksičnosti  AMI, ispitan je  in vitro  rast četiri ćelijske linije: Neuro-2a, MRC-5, H-4-II-E i HT-29.  Zatim, proučavana je efikasnost sintetisanih TiO2/polianilin nanokompozitnih prahova, kao i  prevlaka  čistog TiO2  i WO3/TiO2  u razgradnji AMI primenom UV i SSZ. Takođe, ispitan je uticaj  strukture  supstrata  na efikasnost  fotokatalitičke razgradnje kroz ispitivanje  efikasnosti sintetisanih TiO2  nanoprahova dopiranih jonima W(VI), zatim mešanih  cink-kalaj-oksid  nanoprahova, kao i  indijum-cink-oksid nanoprahova primenom UV i SSZ.Direct and indirect photolysis of alprazolam (ALP) and amitriptyline (AMI) were studied using UV, visible,  and simulated solar irradiation (SSI). Also, the stability of the ALP and AMI aqueous solutions in the dark were monitored. Photocatalytic degradation of ALP was studied in  the  presence of  ZnO and TiO2 Degussa  P25  using UV and SSI. Also, the influence of the photocatalyst  loading, pH, as well as the influence of the radical  and  holes scavengers  and electron acceptors  were studied. The  degree of mineralization was monitored by measuring  of  total organic carbon and  using  ion chromatography. Also, reaction intermediates were examined in detail. Further, reusabillity  of ZnO was investigated in three consecutive degradation processes of ALP. In order to  get insight into the  cytotoxicity of the ALP  and intermediates formed during photocatalytic degradation, their influence on the growth of two cell lines: Neuro-2a and MRC-5 were investigated. Then, the efficacy of synthesized ZnO (ZnO modified with milling  and calcination, ZnO doped with Mg(II) ions, ternary and coupled binary  tin-zinc-oxide) and TiO2  (anatase  TiO2  undoped and  doped  with  La(III) ions  and  brookite TiO2) nanopowders in ALPdegradation using UV and  SSI  were investigated. Within the photocatalytic degradation of AMI, the  degradation efficiency under different experimental conditions was studies (influence of the photocatalyst and irradiation type, photocatalyst  loading, initial  substrate concentration, the effect of the presence of radical and  holes scavengers, and electron acceptors). The degree of mineralization was monitored by measuring  of  total organiccarbon and  using  ion chromatography.  In order to  study  the cytotoxicity of AMI  and degradation intermediates, their influence on the  growth of four cell lines: Neuro-2a, MRC-5, H-4-II-E,  and HT-29  were investigated. Then, the efficacy of synthesized TiO2/polyaniline nanocomposite powders, as well as photocatalysts of pure TiO2  and WO3/TiO2  in the form  of  films   in AMI degradation using UV and SSI were studied. In addition, the effect of the  substrate  structure on the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation was studied by testing the activity  of synthesized TiO2  nanopowders doped with W(VI)  ions, then  coupled binary tin-zinc- oxide  nanopowders, as well as coupled binary  indium-zinc- oxide nanopowders using UV and SSI

Photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of selected psychoactive drugs in aquatic environment

Ispitana je direktna i indirektna fotoliza alprazolama (ALP) i amitriptilina (AMI) primenom UV, vidljivog  i simuliranog sunčevog zračenja (SSZ). Takođe, praćena je stabilnost vodenih rastvora ALP i AMI u mraku.  U okviru ispitivanja fotokatalitičke  razgradnje ALP,ispitana je efikasnost ZnO i TiO2  Degussa P25 primenom UV i SSZ.  Takođe, proučavan je  utica jmasene koncentracije fotokatalizatora, pH, kao i uticaj hvatača radikala/šupljina  i elektron-akceptora.  Praćen je stepen mineralizacije merenjem ukupnog organskog ugljenika i primenom  jonske hromatografije. Takođe, detaljno su ispitani reakcioni intermedijeri.  Dalje,ispitano  je ponovno korišćenje ZnO u tri uzastopna procesa razgradnje ALP. U cilju praćenja citotoksičnosti ALP, ispitan je  in vitro rast dve ćelijske linije: Neuro-2a i MRC-5. Zatim,proučavana je efikasnost sintetisanih ZnO (ZnO modifikovani mlevenjem i kalcinacijom, ZnO dopirani jonima Mg(II), ternarni i  mešani  cink-kalaj-oksidi) i TiO2  (anatas  TiO2  nedopirani  i dopirani La(III)-jonima, brukitni TiO2) nanoprahova u razgradnji ALP primenom UV i SSZ. U okviru fotokatalitičke razgradnje AMI, ispitana  je  efikasnost  razgradnje  pri različitim eksperimentalnim uslovima  (uticaj vrste fotokatalizatora i zračenja, masene  koncentracije fotokatalizatora, početne koncentracije supstrata, uticaj prisustva  kako  hvatača radikala i šupljina, tako  i elektron-akceptora). Praćen je stepen mineralizacije merenjem ukupnog organskog ugljenika i  primenom  jonske hromatografije.  U cilju praćenja citotoksičnosti  AMI, ispitan je  in vitro  rast četiri ćelijske linije: Neuro-2a, MRC-5, H-4-II-E i HT-29.  Zatim, proučavana je efikasnost sintetisanih TiO2/polianilin nanokompozitnih prahova, kao i  prevlaka  čistog TiO2  i WO3/TiO2  u razgradnji AMI primenom UV i SSZ. Takođe, ispitan je uticaj  strukture  supstrata  na efikasnost  fotokatalitičke razgradnje kroz ispitivanje  efikasnosti sintetisanih TiO2  nanoprahova dopiranih jonima W(VI), zatim mešanih  cink-kalaj-oksid  nanoprahova, kao i  indijum-cink-oksid nanoprahova primenom UV i SSZ.Direct and indirect photolysis of alprazolam (ALP) and amitriptyline (AMI) were studied using UV, visible,  and simulated solar irradiation (SSI). Also, the stability of the ALP and AMI aqueous solutions in the dark were monitored. Photocatalytic degradation of ALP was studied in  the  presence of  ZnO and TiO2 Degussa  P25  using UV and SSI. Also, the influence of the photocatalyst  loading, pH, as well as the influence of the radical  and  holes scavengers  and electron acceptors  were studied. The  degree of mineralization was monitored by measuring  of  total organic carbon and  using  ion chromatography. Also, reaction intermediates were examined in detail. Further, reusabillity  of ZnO was investigated in three consecutive degradation processes of ALP. In order to  get insight into the  cytotoxicity of the ALP  and intermediates formed during photocatalytic degradation, their influence on the growth of two cell lines: Neuro-2a and MRC-5 were investigated. Then, the efficacy of synthesized ZnO (ZnO modified with milling  and calcination, ZnO doped with Mg(II) ions, ternary and coupled binary  tin-zinc-oxide) and TiO2  (anatase  TiO2  undoped and  doped  with  La(III) ions  and  brookite TiO2) nanopowders in ALPdegradation using UV and  SSI  were investigated. Within the photocatalytic degradation of AMI, the  degradation efficiency under different experimental conditions was studies (influence of the photocatalyst and irradiation type, photocatalyst  loading, initial  substrate concentration, the effect of the presence of radical and  holes scavengers, and electron acceptors). The degree of mineralization was monitored by measuring  of  total organiccarbon and  using  ion chromatography.  In order to  study  the cytotoxicity of AMI  and degradation intermediates, their influence on the  growth of four cell lines: Neuro-2a, MRC-5, H-4-II-E,  and HT-29  were investigated. Then, the efficacy of synthesized TiO2/polyaniline nanocomposite powders, as well as photocatalysts of pure TiO2  and WO3/TiO2  in the form  of  films   in AMI degradation using UV and SSI were studied. In addition, the effect of the  substrate  structure on the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation was studied by testing the activity  of synthesized TiO2  nanopowders doped with W(VI)  ions, then  coupled binary tin-zinc- oxide  nanopowders, as well as coupled binary  indium-zinc- oxide nanopowders using UV and SSI

Photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of selected psychoactive drugs in aquatic environment

Ispitana je direktna i indirektna fotoliza alprazolama (ALP) i amitriptilina (AMI) primenom UV, vidljivog  i simuliranog sunčevog zračenja (SSZ). Takođe, praćena je stabilnost vodenih rastvora ALP i AMI u mraku.  U okviru ispitivanja fotokatalitičke  razgradnje ALP,ispitana je efikasnost ZnO i TiO2  Degussa P25 primenom UV i SSZ.  Takođe, proučavan je  utica jmasene koncentracije fotokatalizatora, pH, kao i uticaj hvatača radikala/šupljina  i elektron-akceptora.  Praćen je stepen mineralizacije merenjem ukupnog organskog ugljenika i primenom  jonske hromatografije. Takođe, detaljno su ispitani reakcioni intermedijeri.  Dalje,ispitano  je ponovno korišćenje ZnO u tri uzastopna procesa razgradnje ALP. U cilju praćenja citotoksičnosti ALP, ispitan je  in vitro rast dve ćelijske linije: Neuro-2a i MRC-5. Zatim,proučavana je efikasnost sintetisanih ZnO (ZnO modifikovani mlevenjem i kalcinacijom, ZnO dopirani jonima Mg(II), ternarni i  mešani  cink-kalaj-oksidi) i TiO2  (anatas  TiO2  nedopirani  i dopirani La(III)-jonima, brukitni TiO2) nanoprahova u razgradnji ALP primenom UV i SSZ. U okviru fotokatalitičke razgradnje AMI, ispitana  je  efikasnost  razgradnje  pri različitim eksperimentalnim uslovima  (uticaj vrste fotokatalizatora i zračenja, masene  koncentracije fotokatalizatora, početne koncentracije supstrata, uticaj prisustva  kako  hvatača radikala i šupljina, tako  i elektron-akceptora). Praćen je stepen mineralizacije merenjem ukupnog organskog ugljenika i  primenom  jonske hromatografije.  U cilju praćenja citotoksičnosti  AMI, ispitan je  in vitro  rast četiri ćelijske linije: Neuro-2a, MRC-5, H-4-II-E i HT-29.  Zatim, proučavana je efikasnost sintetisanih TiO2/polianilin nanokompozitnih prahova, kao i  prevlaka  čistog TiO2  i WO3/TiO2  u razgradnji AMI primenom UV i SSZ. Takođe, ispitan je uticaj  strukture  supstrata  na efikasnost  fotokatalitičke razgradnje kroz ispitivanje  efikasnosti sintetisanih TiO2  nanoprahova dopiranih jonima W(VI), zatim mešanih  cink-kalaj-oksid  nanoprahova, kao i  indijum-cink-oksid nanoprahova primenom UV i SSZ.Direct and indirect photolysis of alprazolam (ALP) and amitriptyline (AMI) were studied using UV, visible,  and simulated solar irradiation (SSI). Also, the stability of the ALP and AMI aqueous solutions in the dark were monitored. Photocatalytic degradation of ALP was studied in  the  presence of  ZnO and TiO2 Degussa  P25  using UV and SSI. Also, the influence of the photocatalyst  loading, pH, as well as the influence of the radical  and  holes scavengers  and electron acceptors  were studied. The  degree of mineralization was monitored by measuring  of  total organic carbon and  using  ion chromatography. Also, reaction intermediates were examined in detail. Further, reusabillity  of ZnO was investigated in three consecutive degradation processes of ALP. In order to  get insight into the  cytotoxicity of the ALP  and intermediates formed during photocatalytic degradation, their influence on the growth of two cell lines: Neuro-2a and MRC-5 were investigated. Then, the efficacy of synthesized ZnO (ZnO modified with milling  and calcination, ZnO doped with Mg(II) ions, ternary and coupled binary  tin-zinc-oxide) and TiO2  (anatase  TiO2  undoped and  doped  with  La(III) ions  and  brookite TiO2) nanopowders in ALPdegradation using UV and  SSI  were investigated. Within the photocatalytic degradation of AMI, the  degradation efficiency under different experimental conditions was studies (influence of the photocatalyst and irradiation type, photocatalyst  loading, initial  substrate concentration, the effect of the presence of radical and  holes scavengers, and electron acceptors). The degree of mineralization was monitored by measuring  of  total organiccarbon and  using  ion chromatography.  In order to  study  the cytotoxicity of AMI  and degradation intermediates, their influence on the  growth of four cell lines: Neuro-2a, MRC-5, H-4-II-E,  and HT-29  were investigated. Then, the efficacy of synthesized TiO2/polyaniline nanocomposite powders, as well as photocatalysts of pure TiO2  and WO3/TiO2  in the form  of  films   in AMI degradation using UV and SSI were studied. In addition, the effect of the  substrate  structure on the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation was studied by testing the activity  of synthesized TiO2  nanopowders doped with W(VI)  ions, then  coupled binary tin-zinc- oxide  nanopowders, as well as coupled binary  indium-zinc- oxide nanopowders using UV and SSI

Pore microstructure characterization of Zn2SnO4 using mercury intrusion porosimetry

The zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) is marked as a promising semiconductor material to be used in a field of environmental protection and photocatalysis especially when its band gap is adjusted to enough narrow value to provide its applicability under the visible light irradiation. A traditional solid-state procedure was used to synthesize Zn2SnO4 when a stoichiometrical mixture of starting zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin oxide (SnO2) powders where mechanochemically activated by grinding in a planetary ball mill for 160 min and additionally annealed at 1200°C for 2 h. In this paper, we investigate the most important textural features of the Zn2SnO4 powder for its usage in the photocatalytic degradation of the organic pollutants from wastewaters. Mercury intrusion porosimetry was combined with the scanning electron microscopy to study morphology and surface properties, like specific pore volume, specific surface area, apparent density, and total porosity

Photocatalytic activity of Mo-doped LiInO2 in degradation of amitriptyline from wastewaters

Lithium-indium oxide is a high density, wide band-gap semiconductor with promising applications for scintillating detection of solar neutrinos as well as for efficient phosphorescence when doped with different rare earth ions. Previously, we have examined the photocatalytic efficiency of LiInO2 powder, synthesized using a simple solid-state method, and it has proved to be a promising photocatalyst in alprazolam photodegradation under UV irradiation [1]. Recently, it was found that doping LiInO2 with Mo6+ ions can greatly enhance the degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation by tailoring the band-gap of LiInO2 and extending its light absorption into the visible spectral range [2]. In this research we prepared LiInO2 powders with 0, 3, and 6at% of Mo6+ using a two-step mechanochemical procedure followed by annealing. X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed materials tetragonal structural form (with space group: I41/amd), while the microstructure of obtained powders was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Preliminary results of the efficiency of the Mo-doped LiInO2 powders were obtained in the photocatalytic degradation of amitriptyline under simulated solar irradiation. Namely, amitriptyline, a widely consumed psychiatric pharmaceutical from the tricyclic antidepressant class [3], is used for the relief of mental depression, including clinical/endogenous depression [4]. Pharmaceuticals like this are lagging behind in treated waters even after their purification and it is necessary to find efficient method for their complete removal, whereas the use of the advanced oxidation processes proved to be the most effective way

Direct and indirect photolysis of tricyclic antidepressive drug

Conventional systems for water purification cannot completely remove organic pollutants from wastewater and for this reason, it is necessary to find more efficient processes for their removal. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are very important methods for the oxidation and removal of a wide range of organic pollutants from natural and wastewater [1]. AOPs are characterized by various radical reactions involving a combination of chemical agents (O3, H2O2, transition metals, and metals oxides) and energy sources (UV-Vis irradiation, electricity, γ-irradiation, and ultrasound). In these processes, hydroxyl radicals represent primary oxidants [2]. Photolysis can be performed by a direct and indirect mechanism. Direct photolysis is a consequence of irradiation absorption, whereby the breakdown of chemical bonds in the molecule of the pollutant occurs in the case of overlapping of the absorption spectrum of pollutants with a wavelength of irradiation. On the other hand, indirect photolysis is performed in the presence of oxidants, resulting in a large number of reactive radicals, which then react with pollutants [3]. In recent years, great attention has been paid to drugs as potential bioactive substances in the environment. The high usage of antidepressants in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders has led to the accumulation of active compounds of these drugs in the environment [4]. Amitriptyline is one of the most commonly used tricyclic antidepressant and since amitriptyline appears in the environment, it is necessary to well examine its stability and the possibility of elimination. In this paper, photodegradation of amitriptyline was studied using direct and indirect photolysis of amitriptyline under UV and simulated solar irradiation. Indirect photolysis was tested in the presence of H2O2, KBrO3, and (NH4)2S2O8. Besides, the effect of H2O2 concentration on the efficiency of the amitriptyline removal process was also observed

Removal of methylene blue from water using TiO2 immobilized on a polymer support

Among the water treatment technologies, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) present great potential for treating a broad spectrum of contaminants. AOPs involve the in-situ generation of highly reactive oxygen species with low selectivity such as hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and superoxide anion radicals, providing complete mineralization to CO2, H2O, and inorganic ions or acids [1]. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the best-known photocatalyst, and it was examined in a tremendous number of studies. The TiO2 can be either immobilized or suspended in the reactor. Although the suspended system has the advantage of a larger surface area as compared to the immobilized system, the necessary separation of the catalyst particles is expensive and constitutes the main disadvantage in the commercialization of this system [2]. Adding polymer as support has been widely used in immobilized TiO2 preparation to produce photocatalyst with improved mechanical strength, adsorption capability, and surface morphology [3]. The present study aimed to investigate the efficiency of three materials in which TiO2 (Hombikat) was immobilized on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) support. For the preparation of the TiO2/PVC materials, a patent-protected commercial formulation of PVC was used. TiO2/PVC materials had a different mass ratio of TiO2 to PVC (1, 2.5, and 5%) and were in the form of tablets (diameter of 5 mm and thickness of 2 mm). The efficiency of materials was tested for the removal of methylene blue (c0 = 2.45∙10–5 mol dm–3 ) under the influence of simulated solar radiation (SSR) (IUV = 0.223 mW∙cm–2 ; Ivis = 208.5 mW∙cm–2 Experiments were also conducted in the dark to investigate the contribution of adsorption to the total removal efficiency. All of the TiO2/PVC materials showed greater removal efficiency compared to direct photolysis. The optimal mass ratio TiO2 towards PVC to total removal efficiency was 2.5%. For the most efficient system 2.5%TiO2/PVC/SSR, the influence of the solution volume as well as the mixing rate was also examined. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that for an optimal volume of 30 cm3 , the optimal mixing rate was 490 rpm. It was found that the optimal number of tablets was 29. The overall effectiveness of methylene blue removal for optimal reaction conditions and by using the most efficient system 2.5TiO2/PVC/SSR was the highest at pH 4.6

Activity evolution of nanocrystalline zinc-indium-oxide powder

In this work, the photocatalytic activity evolution of the mixed zinc-indium-oxide (ZIO) nanocrystalline powders (NCPs) was presented depending on the alterations in its solid-state preparation procedure and different concentrations of the starting precursors. The activity of the obtained ZIO NCPs as photocatalysts was examined through the degradation of two pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), the potential organic water pollutants, under simulated solar irradiation (SSI)