Executive Powers: The Role of the Supreme Court in an Expanding Presidency

In the Pacificus-Helvidius debate of 1793, Alexander Hamilton locked horns with James Madison in a classic exchange of broadsides on the issue of express versus inherent executive powers. In his interpretation of presidential powers, Hamilton sows the seeds for an argument which justifies the exercise of executive powers in combating situations of domestic emergency and in matters concerning the general welfare or public interest. The seeds of this theory took firm root more than sixty years later in the administration of Abraham Lincoln. Subsequently, the growth of these roots was stimulated by the Supreme Court\u27s decisions in the famous cases of in re Neagle (1890), In re Debs (1895), and United States v. Midwest Oil Co. (1915) and has blossomed into a full blown, if not overblown, succession of strong Presidents during the last seventy years. Along with the spiraling development of executive power, volumes of critical material gushed forth in response to both the growth of presidential powers and its budding textbook Presidency rationale; however, the impact of this response has been slight, and as one author of the late 1950\u27s put it, the President of today is a creature of custom. Given the above introduction, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of the Supreme Court in an expanding Presidency by focusing on its decisions in Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), and United States v. Nixon (1974). It is believed that the various opinions found in the three cases mirror the ever-increasing debate which surrounds the growth of executive powers. As rulings, the decisions not only provide the Supreme Court\u27s views on the scope of inherent executive powers, but also provide a means with which to analyze the role of the Court in the expanding Presidency. Since each of the decisions turned on the special circumstances of the case, it is suggested that none of the rulings can be read as imposing any serious limitations on inherent executive powers. On the contrary, the burden and thesis of this paper is that the Court, in each of the three cases, paved the way for future presidential claims of implied powers

Tunable Graphene Antennas for Selective Enhancement of THz-Emission

In this paper, we will introduce THz graphene antennas that strongly enhance the emission rate of quantum systems at specific frequencies. The tunability of these antennas can be used to selectively enhance individual spectral features. We will show as an example that any weak transition in the spectrum of coronene can become the dominant contribution. This selective and tunable enhancement establishes a new class of graphene-based THz devices, which will find applications in sensors, novel light sources, spectroscopy, and quantum communication devices

1st National ring trial on detection of antibodies to trichinella in pigs

Regulation (EC) 2075/2005 ensures official inspection of food of animal origin with specific rules on official controls for Trichinella in meat. Regarding certification of Trichinella-free farms, this regulation recommends serological methods for monitoring. The aim of the ring trial was to evaluate a new ELISA regarding test accuracy and practical usage. The participants of the ring trial tested 22 sera prepared by the German National Reference Laboratory for Trichinellosis and additionally 22 field samples from their own sample collection using the commercial ELISA kit. This ELISA demonstrated a very good diagnostic sensitivity and robustness in the ring trial

Towards a high-resolution TOF-MIEZE spectrometer with very cold neutrons

We report the first experimental test of TOF-MIEZE technique using very cold neutrons (VCNs) towards high-resolution quasi-elastic neutron scattering spectroscopy. TOF-MIEZE is a type of neutron resonance spin echo spectroscopy with a combination of the time-of-flight (TOF) method and modulation of intensity by zero effort (MIEZE). A compact MIEZE instrument was constructed at the VCN beam port at the High Flux Reactor at the Institut Laue Langevin. By accumulating individual oscillations of raw data, we observed a TOF-MIEZE signal with an effective frequency of 50 kHz in a wavelength band of 4–6 nm. The signal contrasts were 0.59 ± 0.04 and 0.29 ± 0.03 for wavelengths of 4 nm and 6 nm, respectively. The Fourier time was estimated to be 70 ns with 6 nm VCNs in the experimental set-up

Minimum Information Required to Annotate Food Safety Risk Assessment Models (MIRARAM)

Abstract In the last decades, mathematical models and model-based simulations became important elements not only in the area of risk assessment concerning microbiological and chemical hazards but also in modelling biological phenomena in general. Unfortunately, many of the developed models are published in non-standardized ways, which hinders efficient exchange, re-use and continuous improvement of models within the risk assessment domain. The establishment of guidelines for model annotation is an important pre-condition to overcome these obstacles. Additionally, implementation of annotation guidelines can improve transparency, quality control and even aid the clarification of intellectual property rights. Here, we address the question of "What is the minimum set of metadata that should be provided for a model in the risk assessment domain?". The proposed guideline focuses on food safety risk assessment models and is called "Minimum Information Required to Annotate food safety Risk Assessment Models (MIRARAM)". MIRARAM supports the model creator during the model documentation step and could also be used as a checklist by scientific journal editors or database curators. Software developers could take up MIRARAM and develop easy-to-use software tools or new features in existing programs that can help model creators to provide proposed model annotations in harmonized file formats. Based on experiences from similar guidelines in related scientific disciplines (like systems biology), it is expected that MIRARAM could contribute to the promotion of application and re-use of models as well as to implementing more standardized quality control in the food safety modelling domain