Earning pocket money and girls' menstrual hygiene management in Ethiopia : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Many adolescent girls in Ethiopia and elsewhere missed school during their monthly cycles due to a lack of affordable menstrual absorbent materials or money to buy sanitary pads. So far, few studies have looked into the relationship between earning pocket money and maintaining good menstrual hygiene. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the association between earning pocket money and menstrual hygiene management among adolescents in Ethiopia. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Hinari, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, POPLINE, African Journal Online, Direct of Open Access Journals, and Google Scholar for studies examining the association between earning pocket money and menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in Ethiopia, without restriction in a publication year. The Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tool for the cross-sectional studies was used to assess the quality of included studies. A prefabricated checklist, including variables: first author, publication year, sample size, type of questionnaire, and the region was used to extract data from the selected articles. A random-effect meta-analysis model was used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) of the association between earning pocket money and menstrual hygiene management. The heterogeneity and publication bias was assessed by using I2 test statistics and Egger’s test, respectively. Results: Data from nine studies involving 4783 adolescent girls were extracted. The meta-analysis revealed that adolescent girls who earned pocket money from their parents or relative had 1.64 times higher odds of having good menstrual hygiene management than their counterparts [pooled OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.16–2.34, I2:66.7%, n = 7 (number of studies)]. Similarly, the likelihood of having good menstrual hygiene management was lower by 49% among adolescent girls who did not receive any pocket money from their parents compared to their counterparts (pooled OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.35–0.74, I2:48.4%, n = 2). Conclusions: The findings revealed that adolescent girls who earned pocket money were more likely to practice good menstrual hygiene management. Progress toward better menstrual hygiene will necessitate consideration of this factor

English version questionnaires for maternal autonomy.

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Factors associated with decision-making autonomy among postpartum mothers in Shashamane town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021.

Factors associated with decision-making autonomy among postpartum mothers in Shashamane town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021.</p

Proportionally allocated sample of postpartum mothers in Shashamane town, Oomia, Ethiopia, 2021.

Proportionally allocated sample of postpartum mothers in Shashamane town, Oomia, Ethiopia, 2021.</p

English version information sheet and consent form.

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Maternal decision-making autonomy among postpartum mothers in Shashamate town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021 (N = 410).

Maternal decision-making autonomy among postpartum mothers in Shashamate town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021 (N = 410).</p

Health service utilization and proportion of decision making autonomy among postpartum mothers in Shashamane town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021 (N = 410).

Health service utilization and proportion of decision making autonomy among postpartum mothers in Shashamane town, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021 (N = 410).</p

Concurrent wasting and stunting among under-five children in the context of Ethiopia : a generalised mixed-effects modelling

Concurrent wasting and stunting (WaSt) is a condition where both wasting and stunting exist in a child at the same time. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of WaSt and to identify potential associated factors in Ethiopia. A total of 33,650 children aged between 0 and 59 months were included in the analysis from the four waves of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. A mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to identify the determinants of WaSt. The prevalence of WaSt was found to be 4.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: (4.5–4.9)), with respectively 2.5% (95% CI: 2.1–3.1) and 4.9% (95% CI: 4.7–5.2) among children in urban and rural settings. Children: (i) in the age group 12–23 months (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 4.16, 95% CI: (3.20–5.42)) and 24–59 months (AOR: 3.08, 95% CI: (2.28–4.17)); (ii) who were perceived by their mothers to be smaller than normal at birth (AOR: 1.98, 95% CI: (1.57–2.50)); (iii) had diarrhoea (AOR: 1.38, 95% CI: (1.11–1.71)); and (iv) fever in the past 2 weeks (AOR: 1.38, 95% CI: (1.10–1.71)) reported higher odds of WaSt. Being a female child (AOR: 0.57, 95% CI: (0.48–0.69)), having received measles vaccination (AOR: 0.71, 95% CI: (0.55–0.89)), having a mother with a normal body mass index (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) (AOR: 0.57, 95% CI: (0.48–0.68)), having a wealthier household (AOR: 0.67, 95% CI: (0.50–0.90)), and living in rural setting (AOR: 0.49, 95% CI: (0.32–0.74)) were associated with reduced odds of WaSt. The prevalence of WaSt was high, with approximately 1 in 20 Ethiopian children suffering from the condition and needing a prompt response to minimize the poor health and developmental outcomes. Children perceived by their mother to be smaller than normal at birth, older children, and babies with diarrhoea and fever had higher odds of WaSt

The coexistence of stunting and overweight or obesity in Ethiopian children: prevalence, trends and associated factors

Abstract Background Double burden of childhood malnutrition is a condition where undernutrition (stunting) along with overweight and obesity coexist within individuals, households, and populations. It reflects a new layer of malnutrition and an understudied phenomenon in many low-income settings. To date, the prevalence and factors that are associated with concurrent stunting and overweight or obesity (overweight/obesity) (CSO) in the same children have not been well researched in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence, trends, and factors associated with the coexistence of stunting and overweight or obesity among children aged 0–59 months in Ethiopia. Methods Pooled data from 2005, 2011 and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) were used. A total of 23,756 (weighted sample) children aged 0–59 months were included in the study. Height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) less than − 2 SD and weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ) above 2 SD were calculated, and children were classified as stunted and overweight/obese, respectively. A child who is simultaneously stunted and overweight/obese was considered as having HAZ below − 2 SD and WHZ above 2 SD computed into a variable named CSO, and reported as a binary outcome (yes or no). Multilevel logistic regression analysis that adjusts for sampling weights and clustering was used to identify factors associated with CSO. Results The prevalence of stunting, overweight or obesity, and CSO among under-five children was 43.12% [95% CI: (42.50, 43.75%)], 2.62% [95% CI: (2.42, 2.83%)], and 1.33% [95% CI: (1.18, 1.48%)], respectively. The percentage of CSO children was reported to have declined from 2.36% [95% CI: (1.94–2.85)] in 2005 to 0.87% [95%CI: (0.07–1.07)] in 2011, and the same appeared to have increased slightly to 1.34% [95%CI: (1.13–1.59)] in 2016. Children who were currently breastfeeding [AOR: 1.64, 95%CI: (1.01–2.72)], born to an overweight mother [AOR: 2.65, 95%CI: (1.19–5.88)], and lived in families with 1–4 household members [AOR: 1.52, 95%CI: (1.02–2.26)] were significantly associated with CSO. At the community level the odds of having CSO were higher among children included from EDHS-2005 [AOR: 4.38, 95%CI: (2.42–7.95)]. Conclusion The study revealed that less than 2% of children had CSO in Ethiopia. CSO was linked to factors at both the individual (i.e. breastfeeding status, maternal overweight, and household size) and community-levels. Overall, the study findings indicated the necessity of focused interventions to simultaneously address double burden of childhood malnutrition in Ethiopia. To further combat the double burden of malnutrition, early identification of at-risk children, including those born to overweight women and children living with multiple household members, is indispensable