La competitividad de la producción agrícola en México, un análisis regional

This research was carried out in the Rural Development District 092 located in Morelia, Michoacan for the fall winter cycle period 2010 - 2011. It consisted on the analysis of profitability of improved seed varieties, under the system gravity irrigation, improved seed and fertilized - conservation tillage. The varieties concerned were Triunfo F2004, F2007 Josecha, Maya S2007, Monarch F2007, F2007 Northern, Altiplano S2007, F2007 and Salamanca Roelfs S-75. For the analysis of private profitability, eight varieties had positive gain, the most profitable variety was monarch, followed by the variety Josecha, Maya, Salamanca, Northern, Roelfs, Triumph and Altiplano. About the cost structure of production, fertilizers were the most significant. When estimating profitability, the eight varieties exhibited comparative advantage, in order of importance, the first one was the variety Monarch, followed by Josecha, Maya, Salamanca, Northern, Roelfs, Triumph and Altiplano. The effects of macroeconomic policy and sectoral policy benefit both the producer income, and decreased cost via inputs. It is recommended to apply new technology to conduct better use of irrigation water, improve marketing schemes for wheat, seek economies in the purchase of nitrogen fertilizers

Etnicitat, essencialismes d’esquerra i democràcia radical. En memòria d’Ernesto Laclau i de la seva obra al costat de Chantal Mouffe

El artículo aplica la crítica al esencialismo de clase de Ernesto Laclau y Chantal Mouffe a los esencialismos étnicos que se han impuesto en las agendas políticas de los movimientos sociales latinoamericanos en las últimas décadas y se indagan algunas repercusiones de ese esencialismo en las complejas relaciones entre el gobierno de Rafael Correa y un sector de la izquierda ecuatoriana. A partir de las preocupaciones de Laclau y Mouffe en indagar las raíces del autoritarismo de izquierdas, el artículo muestra algunas de las coincidencias del esencialismo étnico con las tradiciones autoritarias que, a lo largo del siglo XX, impusieron los criterios de una clase definida de manera esencial. También se analizan las relaciones del esencialismo étnico con el aparecimiento de nuevas formas de racismo que debilitan la construcción de proyectos políticos de base popular y afianzan la exclusión de los sectores étnicos que dicen redimir.This paper applies the criticism of left-wing class essentialism that Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe made in their book Hegemony and Socialist Strategy to the ethnic essentialism imposed on the political agendas of Latin American social movements in recent decades, and proposes a reading of the impact of this essentialism on the conflict between the government of Rafael Correa and the left opposition. From the concerns of Laclau and Mouffe in investigating the roots of left-wing authoritarianism, the article shows some of the coincidences that ethnic essentialism has with authoritarian traditions which, throughout the twentieth century, imposed the criteria of a class defined in a essential way. Among the contemporary consequences of ethnic essentialism, the paper emphasises the emergence of new forms of racism that weaken the building of grassroots political projects and reinforce the exclusion of supposedly redeemed ethnic sectors.L’article aplica la crítica a l’essencialisme de classe d’Ernesto Laclau i Chantal Mouffe als essencialismes ètnics que s’han imposat en les agendes polítiques dels moviments socials llatinoamericans en les últimes dècades i s’indaguen algunes repercussions d’aquest essencialisme en les complexes relacions entre el govern de Rafael Correa i un sector de l’esquerra equatoriana. A partir de les preocupacions de Laclau i Mouffe per indagar les arrels de l’autoritarisme d’esquerres, l’article mostra algunes de les coincidències de l’essencialisme ètnic amb les tradicions autoritàries que, al llarg del segle XX, van imposar els criteris d’una classe definida de manera essencial. També s’analitzen les relacions de l’essencialisme ètnic amb el sorgiment de noves formes de racisme que afebleixen la construcció de projectes polítics de base popular i afermen l’exclusió dels sectors ètnics que diuen redimir

El proceso de asentamiento de la migración México-Estados Unidos

Existe un proceso de reconfiguración en la migración mexicana a Estados Unidos. En la actualidad la población migrante es de 11 millones de personas y equivale a 11 por ciento del total de la población mexicana. Los centros de expulsión siguen siendo los de origen rural del bajío mexicano, pero se han sumado los de tipo urbano y particularmente del sur sureste del país, con población indígena. En cuanto al género, éste es balanceado, 56 por ciento masculino y 44 por ciento femenino. Respecto a los destinos en Estados Unidos, Texas, California, Arizona, Nuevo México e Indiana siguen siendo importantes, pero ahora los migrantes mexicanos son mayoría en 43 Estados. Los cruces tradicionales han perdido importancia y han surgido otros como Altar Sonora (Sásabe-Sasabe, Sonoyta, Agua Prieta y Cd. Juárez) cuya principal característica es la peligrosidad para la vida del migrante y la utilización de coyotes para atravesar la frontera

Multimodal, Multifunctional Polymer Coated Nanoparticles

Disclosed are nanoparticles having a metallic core consisting essentially of superparamagnetic iron oxide: a polymeric coat surrounding said core, the coat having a matrix of polyacrylic acid and forming an outer periphery of said nanoparticle; a pleurality of hydrophobic pockets formed by the polymeric coat; a plurality of carboxylic groups along an outer periphery of the polymeric coat and effective to conjugate with a predeterminded targeting ligand which functionalizes the nanoparticle; a lipophylic fluorescent dye encapsulated in the pleurality of hydrophobix pockets. Associated methods of making the nanoparticles and of treatments using the nanoparticles are also disclosed

Aqueous Method for Making Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles CON

The invention discloses an aqueous method of making polymer coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The method comprises providing a mixture of iron salts in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. A solution of ammonium hydroxide is added to the mixture and stirred. Stirring continues with an aqueous solution of one or more biocompatible polymers so as to promote formation of polymer coated iron nanoparticles in suspension, wherein optionally at least one of the polymers in the coating may be aminated. Centrifuging the suspension leaves a supernatant without large particles. Filtering the supernatant through an ultrafiltration membrane and collecting the filtrate recovers polymer coated nanoparticles. Crosslinking the polymer is effected by treatment with a solution of epichlorohydrin and sodium hydroxide while stirring vigorously for up to about eight hours. Optionally aminating the polymer may be accomplished by treatment with ammonia after crosslinking and then removing remaini

Synthesis of hyperbranched amphiphylic polyester and theranostic nanoparticles thereof

A method of making a hyperbranched amphiphillic polyester compound includes drying under vacuum a mixture of 2-(4-hydroxybutyl)-malonic acid and p-toulene sulphonic acid as a catalyst. The vacuum is then released with a dry inert gas after drying. The dried mixture is heated under the inert gas at a temperature sufficient for polymerization. The inert gas is evacuated while continuing to heat the mixture. The formed polymer is then dissolved in dimethylformamide and precipitated out by adding methanol. Modifications of the method yield nanoparticles of polyesters having properties suited for coencapsulating fluorescent dyes together with therapeutic drugs, resulting in theranostic nanoparticles, that is, nanoparticles useful in both therapeutic treatments and diagnostics methods

Aqueous Method for Making Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles CON

The invention discloses an aqueous method of making polymer coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The method comprises providing a mixture of iron salts in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. A solution of ammonium hydroxide is added to the mixture and stirred. Stirring continues with an aqueous solution of one or more biocompatible polymers so as to promote formation of polymer coated iron nanoparticles in suspension, wherein optionally at least one of the polymers in the coating may be aminated. Centrifuging the suspension leaves a supernatant without large particles. Filtering the supernatant through an ultrafiltration membrane and collecting the filtrate recovers polymer coated nanoparticles. Crosslinking the polymer is effected by treatment with a solution of epichlorohydrin and sodium hydroxide while stirring vigorously for up to about eight hours. Optionally aminating the polymer may be accomplished by treatment with ammonia after crosslinking and then removing remaini

Synthesis of Hyperbranched Amphiphylic Polyester and Theranostic Nanoparticles thereof

A method of making a hyperbranched amphiphillic polyester compound includes drying under vacuum a mixture of 2-(4-hydroxybutyl)-malonic acid and p-toulene sulphonic acid as a catalyst. The vacuum is then released with a dry inert gas after drying. The dried mixture is heated under the inert gas at a temperature sufficient for polymerization. The inert gas is evacuated while continuing to heat the mixture. The formed polymer is then dissolved in dimethylformamide and precipitated out by adding methanol. Modifications of the method yield nanoparticles of polyesters having properties suited for coencapsulating fluorescent dyes together with therapeutic drugs, resulting in theranostic nanoparticles, that is, nanoparticles useful in both therapeutic treatments and diagnostics methods

Aqueous Method for Making Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

The invention discloses an aqueous method of making polymer coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The method comprises providing a mixture of iron salts in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. A solution of ammonium hydroxide is added to the mixture and stirred. Stirring continues with an aqueous solution of one or more biocompatible polymers so as to promote formation of polymer coated iron nanoparticles in suspension, wherein optionally at least one of the polymers in the coating may be aminated. Centrifuging the suspension leaves a supernatant without large particles. Filtering the supernatant through an ultrafiltration membrane and collecting the filtrate recovers polymer coated nanoparticles. Crosslinking the polymer is effected by treatment with a solution of epichlorohydrin and sodium hydroxide while stirring vigorously for up to about eight hours. Optionally aminating the polymer may be accomplished by treatment with ammonia after crosslinking and then removing remaini