Instrumentos de Avaliação para os Dois Primeiros Anos de Vida do Lactente

AbstractIntroduction: the developmental assessment of infants seeks to identify and classify early developmental delay and /or schedule an intervention. This assessment is considered inefficient when performed only by professional clinical judgment. Thus there are numerous assessment scales to help professionals in this process, requiring a greater knowledge of their advantages and disadvantages. Objectives: to identify and analyze instruments used for assessment of infant development from zero to two years old. Methods: a search was made in the most important databases in the area, in the manual of the instruments used for evaluation and books of Pediatric Physical Therapy. The following data of each standardized instrument were extracted: general characteristics, psychometrics, theoretical basis of each instrument, validity of the instruments for Brazilian children and accessibility of the instruments to the physiotherapist in Brazil. Results: articles about TIMP, DUBOWITZ, MAI, AIMS and BAYLEY-III were selected. The TIMP presents the best indices of reliability and sensitivity for the evaluation of pre-term infants in the four first months of life, however it takes long time to apply and depends on the emotional state of the infant. DUBOWITZ is an instrument that is easy and quick to use although it is not easily found in Brazil. The literature suggests a reevaluation of the MAI instrument as it presents limited psychometric properties, especially a poor validity of construct. AIMS proved to have the best psychometric properties and conditions for clinical use. Bayley III is one the best instruments with high psychometric properties, however it is not of common use in Brazil probably because of the high cost of its application kit. Conclusion: for pre-term infants up to 4 months the TIMP seems to be the instrument of choice, but for longer follow-up up to 18 months, AIMS is the best option, and above this age the Bayley-III scale is adequate as it presents very good psychometric properties.Resumo Introdução: a avaliação do desenvolvimento de lactentes objetiva identificar e classificar precocemente um atraso de desenvolvimento e/ou programar uma intervenção. Esta avaliação é considerada ineficiente quando realizada apenas por julgamento clínico profissional. Dessa forma existem inúmeras escalas de avaliação que podem auxiliar os profissionais neste processo, sendo necessário um maior conhecimento de suas vantagens e desvantagens. Objetivo: identificar e analisar instrumentos de avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil para lactentes de zero a dois anos de idade. Método: realizou-se busca nas principais bases de dados informatizadas, nos manuais dos instrumentos de avaliação e livros de Fisioterapia Pediátrica. Foram extraídos de cada instrumento: caracterização geral, propriedades psicométricas, pressuposto teórico que embasa o instrumento, validade para crianças brasileiras e acessibilidade para o fisioterapeuta no Brasil. Resultados: Foram selecionados os artigos referentes aos testes TIMP, DUBOWITZ, MAI, AIMS e BAYLEY-III. O TIMP apresentou os melhores índices de confiabilidade e sensibilidade para avaliação de bebês prematuros nos quatro primeiros meses de vida, contudo é sua aplicação é demorada e depende do estado emocional do lactente. DUBOWITZ é de fácil e rápida aplicação apesar de não ser muito acessível no Brasil. A literatura sugere uma reavaliação do MAI à medida que este exibe uma limitada base psicométrica e uma pobre validade de construto. A AIMS apresenta as melhores propriedades psicométricas e condições para uso clínico. A Bayley-III está entre os melhores instrumentos, pois seus dados são válidos, confiáveis e objetivos, contudo pouco utilizada no Brasil provavelmente pelo custo do material de aplicação. Conclusão: Em lactentes pré-termo o uso do TIMP apresenta as melhores propriedades psicométricas, já em lactentes de até 18 meses a AIMS é uma melhor opção, e acima desta idade a Bayley-III atinge os objetivos propostos com adequadas propriedades psicométricas

Education of employees of primary health care unit about physical therapy in urinary incontinence: report of experience

Urinary incontinence (UI) is considered a public health problem that should be firstly approached in the primary care units (PCU). Educational programs target to professionals who work in these units are a key component in the management of this condition. The aim of this study was to report the experience of the "Caring for Who Cares", a project developed in a PCU aimed at educating employees about UI. The educational program was carried out as a dynamic, with theoretical and practical character, lasting 2 hours. The 28 participants were divided into 2 groups. Each group participated in the program on different days so that the usual activities of the PCU could be maintained. Issues such as types of UI, risk factors, preventive and therapeutic measures, especially urinary and bowel habits and pelvic floor muscle (PFM) training, were discussed. The participants reported being more attentive to their urinary habits after the educational program; some of them had incorporated exercises for the PFM. There were also an increasing number of users referred to the physiotherapy care service. Therefore, the project successfully educated the employees of the PCU for their own care and allowed the implementation of UI preventative and treatment programs in this unit. This experience may be helpful to other professionals when implementing the physical therapy assistance for women with UI in PCU.A incontinência urinária (IU) é um problema de saúde pública, devendo ser abordada em centros de saúde (CS). A educação dos profissionais é necessária para que saibam prestar assistência às usuárias. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a experiência do projeto "Cuidar de Quem Cuida", desenvolvido em CS para educar funcionárias acerca da IU. O programa foi realizado na forma de uma dinâmica teórico-prática com duração de 2 horas, sendo que as 28 participantes foram divididas em 2 grupos. Cada grupo participou do programa em dias diferentes de forma que as atividades usuais do CS puderam ser mantidas. Foram discutidos os tipos de IU, fatores de risco, possibilidades terapêuticas e medidas preventivas, destacando-se o cuidado com os hábitos urinários e intestinais e o treinamento dos músculos do assoalho pélvico (MAP). Após sua realização, as participantes relataram que passaram a desenvolver hábitos urinários saudáveis e realizar exercícios para os MAP. Observou-se aumento do número de usuárias referenciadas para a Fisioterapia. Assim, o programa instrumentalizou as funcionárias a desenvolver o autocuidado e identificar necessidade de assistência às usuárias. Esta abordagem poderá ser efetiva em outros serviços como um primeiro passo na implantação de assistência fisioterapêutica a mulheres com IU nos CS

Treatments for invasive carcinoma of the cervix: What are their impacts on the pelvic floor functions?

Aims: Describe the impact of surgery, radiotherapy and chemoradiation in the pelvic floor functions in cervical cancer patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective study with women submitted to radical hysterectomy (RH) (n = 20),exclusive radiotherapy (RT) (n= 20)or chemoradiation (CT/RT)(n = 20)for invasive cervical cancer. Urinary, intestinal and sexual function, as well as vaginal length and pelvic floor musclecontraction were evaluated. Comparisons between groups were performed by Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests (p < 0.05). Results: The groups were similar in stress urinary incontinence incidence (p = 0.56), urinary urgency (p = 0.44),urge incontinence (p = 0.54),nocturia(p = 0.53), incomplete bowel emptying (p = 0.76),bowel urgency(p = 0.12)and soilage(p = 0.43). The CT/ RT group presented a higher urinary frequency(p < 0.001)and diarrhea(p = 0.025). Patients in the RH group were more sexually active(p = 0.01) and experienced less dyspareunia (p = 0.021). Vaginal length was shorter in RT group (5.5 ± 1.9 cm) and CT/ RT(.3 ± 1.5 cm) than in the RH group (7.4 ± 1.1 cm) (p < 0.001). Pelvic floor muscle contraction was similar (p = 0.302). Conclusions: RT and CT/RT treatment for cervical carcinoma are more associated to sexual and intestinal dysfunctions

Disfun??es de assoalho p?lvico em atletas.

Disfun??es do assoalho p?lvico s?o condi??es que acometem mulheres em idades variadas, por?m aquelas que se encontram no per?odo do climat?rio, assim como as mult?paras, s?o as mais suscet?veis. Entretanto, h? relatos na literatura de jovens nul?paras que apresentam sintomas de disfun??es nesta regi?o, tais como a incontin?ncia urin?ria e a anal durante a pr?tica de esportes. Essas condi??es podem levar ao abandono da atividade f?sica e comprometer a qualidade de vida. Com o intuito de conhecer a ocorr?ncia das disfun??es do assoalho p?lvico e seus fatores etiol?gicos em atletas jovens e nul?paras, foi feita uma revis?o da literatura. Foram consultadas as bases de dados BVS e PubMed nos ?ltimos dez anos. Os resultados dos estudos revisados indicaram alta preval?ncia de disfun??es do assoalho p?lvico entre atletas, muitas delas nul?paras. A incontin?ncia urin?ria ? a disfun??o do assoalho p?lvico mais documentada e acomete principalmente atletas que praticam atividades consideradas de alto impacto, como trampolim e paraquedismo. As condi??es que desencadeiam as disfun??es do assoalho p?lvico em mulheres jovens e nul?paras ainda n?o est?o completamente elucidadas, altera??es extr?nsecas ou gen?ticas do tecido conjuntivo frouxo e atividades que envolvem longos saltos s?o as hip?teses mais frequentes. Apenas um estudo foi encontrado documentando a preval?ncia das disfun??es do assoalho p?lvico entre atletas envolvendo os sistemas intestinal e sexual, al?m do urin?rio.Pelvic floor dysfunctions are conditions that affect women in various ages, however those in the climacteric period, as well as the multiparous are more susceptible to it. However, there are studies in the scientific literature reporting the occurrence of urinary incontinence during sports among young and nuliparous women. Such conditions can lead to a withdrawn from physical activity compromising the quality of life. A literature review in PubMed and in VHL databases, within the last ten years, was done in order to understand the occurrence of symptoms suggestive of pelvic floor dysfunctions other than urinary incontinence, such as anorectal or sexual dysfunction, and their etiological factors in young and nulliparous athletes. Results indicated a high prevalence of urinary incontinence among athletes, who were engaged in high-impact activities such as trampoline, and skydiving. The conditions that contribute to the urinary incontinence etiology in young and nulliparous women are still not fully understood, extrinsic or genetic changes in loose connective tissue and activities involving long jumps are the most common hypotheses to this condition. Other than urinary tract symptoms, it was found only one study documenting pelvic floor disorders involving the intestinal and sexual systems in such population

Quality of life in women with vulvar cancer submitted to surgical treatment: a comparative study

Objectives: To investigate the occurrence and severity of lymphoedema of the lower extremities (LLE), quality of life (QoL), and urinary and sexual dysfunction in women with vulvar cancer submitted to surgical treatment.Study design: Twenty-eight patients with vulvar cancer submitted to vulvectomy and inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy and 28 healthy, age-matched women (control group) were evaluated. The occurrence and severity of LLE were determined by Miller's Clinical Evaluation. QoL, urinary function and sexual function were assessed by the EORTC QLQ-C30, SF-ICIQ and FSFI questionnaires, respectively. The differences between groups and correlations were assessed using Student's r-test, Chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's rho test.Results: The groups were similar in terms of marital status, educational status, menopausal status, hormone therapy and height. The occurrence and severity of LLE were higher in women with vulvar cancer compared with the control group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). A significant association was found between the severity of LLE and advanced age (p = 0.04), and the severity of LLE and higher body mass index (BMI; p = 0.04) in patients with vulvar cancer. In the patients with vulvar cancer, there was a significant correlation between the severity of LLE and worse QoL in the following domains: physical, cognitive, emotional, social, fatigue, pain, sleep and financial questions (p < 0.05). There was no difference in urinary function between the two groups (p = 0.113). Age and number of deliveries were the only variables associated with the occurrence of urinary incontinence (p = 0.01). Urinary incontinence was present in women with a mean age of 74.9 +/- 4.6 years and a mean of 7.3 +/- 1.3 normal deliveries. There was no difference between the groups in terms of the sexual function. Multivariate analysis showed an association between sexual function and age (p = 0.01), and sexual function and being in a stable relationship (p = 0.02).Conclusion: Patients submitted to vulvectomy or inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy for vulvar cancer are at higher risk of developing LLE compared with healthy, age-matched women. This has a negative effect on QoL, but does not interfere with urinary or sexual function. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Influence of physical activity on the quality of life of breast cancer patients.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm among women. As a consequence of the increased number of cancer diagnoses, and concomitant mortality reductions for most types of cancer many patients live with physical and psychosocial problems associated with the disease and its treatment that may compromise their quality of life (QoL). Exercise has been recommended as part of standard care for patients with cancer to help prevent and manage physical and psychosocial problems and improve QoL. The objective of the current study was to compare the impact of physical activity practice in women with breast cancer, through indicators of quality of life. Methodology: This is a randomized study with breast cancer patients in a large general hospital in southeastern Brazil. The questionnaires were applied regarding function and quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30 and BR-23). Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: control, without intervention and treatment group, with the practice of physical exercises and nutritional orientation. Physical activity was performed for 3 hours/ week through active-assisted exercises of flexion, abduction, extension, and rotation of upper limbs and treadmill walking at speed tolerated by the patient. After six months of participation, all patients were reassessed, with blindness of the investigator. Results: The study did not reveal statistical difference in the constructs cited (p> 0.05) between the control group and the treatment group regarding "Global Health Status? " Functional Scale? and " Scale of Symptoms ", however the patients in physical activity presented better mood and confidence being more adapted to face the challenge of the disease. Discussion: The practice of physical activity showed no benefit in improving quality of life and functional capacity in patients with breast cancer in the evaluation by questionnaires in a short period established, however, showed favorable trends for improvement in successive evaluations

Influência da posição de parto vaginal nas variáveis obstétricas e neonatais de mulheres primíparas

OBJETIVOS: determinar a prevalência de fatores obstétricos associados à posição de parto vaginal (PPV) - vertical ou horizontal; investigar correlações entre PPV e fatores obstétricos, bem como sua influência sobre as características neonatais. MÉTODOS: foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal. A amostra foi composta por 176 mulheres primíparas que realizaram parto vaginal, entre julho/2006 e fevereiro/2007. Foi investigada a correlação entre PPV e as seguintes variáveis obstétricas: ocorrência e grau de laceração perineal espontânea, episiotomia, sutura perineal, uso de ocitocina e instrumentação cirúrgica. Os neonatos foram classificados quanto à idade gestacional, peso, estatura, perímetro cefálico e Apgar 1º e 5º minutos. Teste qui quadrado foi aplicado para investigar correlação entre PPV e variáveis obstétricas e o teste t-student para investigar a influência da PPV nas características neonatais. RESULTADOS: não foi observada correlação entre PPV e sutura perineal, laceração perineal, uso de ocitocina, episiotomia e utilização de instrumentação cirúrgica (uso de fórceps ou vácuo-extrator). Houve correlação entre PPV e episiotomia e maior prevalência de episiotomia na posição horizontal. Não houve influência da PPV nas características neonatais. CONCLUSÕES: houve maior ocorrência de episiotomia na posição de parto horizontal, embora ambas as posições de parto tenham sido satisfatórias para os neonatos