57 research outputs found
A subjetividade da experiência da doença
In the present paper we will explore the different levels of deregulation and expression of suffering induced by a somatic illness or by a disease in individual subjectivity. These levels are part of a singular functional and organizational structure of the self and personality.No presente artigo vamos explorar os diferentes níveis de desregulamentação e expressão de sofrimento induzido por uma doença somática ou por uma doença na subjetividade individual. Estes níveis são parte de uma singular funcional e organizacional estrutura do eu e da personalidade
Mecanismos psicológicos de adaptação à infecção pelo vírus de imunodeficiência humana adquirida
O presente trabalho é um aspecto parcial da experiência
de coordenação de uma equipa de Saúde Mental
de apoio psiquiátrico a doentes infectados com
o vírus HIV, no Serviço de Doenças Infecto-contagiosas
do Hospital de Santa Maria (Director: Prof. Carvalho
Araújo e Prof. Francisco Antunes). A uma amostra
de 123 doentes (110 homens e 13 mulheres)
seropositivos e com o síndrome de de imunodeficiência
adquirida foi aplicado um inventário psicológico
que visa avaliar os modos de lidar com a doença
(Mecanismos de «coping»), e escalas de avaliação
de perturbação psicopatológica (escala de depressão
de Beck e escala AMDP condensada em itens psicopatológicos).
O estudo das médias das respostas e
a análise da variância (MULTINOVA, SPASS) revelaram
diferenças significativas entre as sub-amostras
(sujeitos seropositivos HIV e doentes com SIDA) no
que se refere aos mecanismos de «coping» e ao padrão
de perturbação emocional. As relações entre
os mecanismos de «coping» e a perturbação emocional
são analisadas com um modelo de correlação.
Finalmente é apresentado, em síntese, um programa
de aconselhamento psicológico aos seropositivos.ABSTRACT: This study concerns part of the experience in
coordinating a team for psychiatric help of HIV
infected patients of the Department of Infectocontagious
Diseases of Hospital Santa Maria (Head of Department:
Professors Carvalho Araújo and Francisco
Antunes). A sample of 123 seropositive AIDS patients
(110 Males and 13 Females) was psychological assessed
in relation to different ways of coping with the
disease. Scales for evaluating psychopathological disturbances
were also used (Beck’s scale for depression
and AMDP system of psychopathological items).
The observation of mean answers and the analysis
of variance (MULTINOVA, SPSS) has shown significant
differences between the two sub-samples (seropositive
subjects and AIDS patients), concerning both
coping mechanisms and emotional disturbance. A
correiation model was used in order to analyse the
reiations between ways of coping and psychopathological
symptoms. A synthesis of a counselling programme
for the seropositive subjects is also presented
The Classification Systems in Psychiatry in a Phase of Crisis? Focus on DSM-5
Since the chaotic atmosphere of psychiatric diagnosis of the sixties, psychiatric classification systems followed several theoretical models. The first two systems – DSM-I and DSM-II – were influenced by psychoanalysis, predominant in USA hospitals. With the implementation of DSM-III, published in 1980, there was a shift towards a neo-Krapelinian paradigm with an emphasis in the medical model, defining psychiatric disorders as medical diseases. The ongoing criticism regarding the poor validity of diagnostic categories and the failure to identify neurobiological markers led to the idea that classification showed symptoms of crisis in the Kuhnian sense. The assumption that the moment had arrived for a scientific revolution in psychiatric classification led to a revision of DSM–IV and the development of a new system – the DSM-5. The final result showed a failure in this unrealistic and overambitious objective and the new system is an “hybrid” one with empirical similarities with the previous one
Assessment of depression and suicidal behaviour among medical students in Portugal
© 2016 Ricardo Coentre et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use of work provided the original work is properly cited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0Objectives: To examine depression and suicidal behaviour and associated factors in a sample of medical students in Portugal.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study design of 456 native Portuguese medical students from the 4th and 5th year at the University of Lisbon. Participants answered a self-report survey including questions on demographic and clinical variables. Statistical analyses were conducted using the chi-square test, with a Monte Carlo simulation when appropriate.
Results: Depression among medical students was 6.1% (n=28) and suicidal behaviour 3.9% (n=18). Higher depression scores were noted in female medical students (χ2=4.870,df=2,p=0.027), students who lived alone (χ2=8.491,df=3,p=0.037), those with poor physical health (χ2=48.269,df=2,p<0.001), with poor economic status (χ2=8.579,df=2,p=0.014), students with a psychiatric diagnosis (χ2=44.846,df=1,p=0.009), students with a family history of psychiatric disorders (χ2=5.284,df=1,p=0.022) and students with high levels of anxiety (χ2=104.8, df=3, p<0.001). Depression scores were also higher in students with suicidal ideation (χ2=85.0,df=1,p<0.001), suicidal plan (χ2=47.9,df=1,p<0.001) and suicidal attempt (χ2=19.2,df=1,p<0.001). Suicidal behaviour was higher in medical students who lived alone (χ2=16.936,df=3,p=0.001), who had poor physical health (χ2=18,929,df=2,p=0.001), poor economic status (χ2=9.181,df=2,p=0.01), who are/were in psychopharmacology treatment (χ2=30.108,df =1,p<0.001), and who had high alcohol use (χ2=7.547,df=2,p=0.023), severe depression (χ2=88.875,df=3,p<0.001) and high anxiety levels (χ2=50.343,df=3,p<0.001). The results also revealed that there were no differences between students in the 4th and 5th years of medical school regarding rate of depression and suicidal behaviour.
Conclusions: Since depression and suicidal behaviour are mental health problems affecting a significant proportion of medical students, medical schools should implement programs that promote mental health wellness, physical health and economic status between other factors.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Gender-related endocrinological dysfunction and mental disorders
In this paper, we review updated data on sex and gender differences in stress reactivity,
concerning the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, endocrinological dysfunction and
vulnerability to major psychiatric disorders, in a stress-diathesis approach. Mainly
schizophrenia and affective disorders are discussed, according to recent investigation,
in terms of early determinants of stress reactivity, the interplay of genetic expression and
gender role, their responsibility in biological modulation and their hypothetical
contribution to explain gender differences in prevalence and clinical aspects of mental
disorders
Considerações Éticas Quando se Planeia a Vacinação Contra COVID‑19 em Doentes com Doença Mental Grave
Hábitos de estudo e competências cognitivas em alunos do terceiro ciclo e secundário
Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia, ramo de Psicologia da Educação e Intervenção ComunitáriaAlguns problemas de aprendizagem são explicados pela ausência ou uso
inadequado dos hábitos de estudo. Deste modo, a utilização destes hábitos tornam-se
fundamentais uma vez que auxiliam no percurso de aprendizagem do aluno, através de
um empenho e participação ativa (Silva & Sá, 2007).
O presente estudo observacional transversal, centra-se na relação das seguintes
variáveis: hábitos de estudo, competências cognitivas (memória, atenção e perceção),
locus de controlo e rendimento escolar.
Foi avaliada uma amostra constituída por 350 alunos, das escolas EB 123/PE
Bartolomeu Perestrelo (Funchal) e ES/2,3 de Águas Santas (Maia). Os participantes
tinham idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 18 anos de idade (N = 350; M = 15,23
DP = 1,822), a frequentar o terceiro ciclo e ensino secundário.
De modo a avaliar os participantes recorreu-se à elaboração de um Questionário
Sócio-Demográfico, Inventário de Hábitos de Estudo de Pozar (1997), Teste de
Perceção de Diferenças de Thurstone e Yela (1995), Inventário de Locus de Controlo de
Levenson (1973), um exercício para avaliar a atenção, e um exercício para avaliar a
memória, ambos os exercícios foram elaborados pela autora do estudo.
A análise estatística de tratamento de dados consistiu na execução de uma
análise de variância, one-way ANOVA e de uma análise de correlação de Pearson. A
análise dos dados permitiu constatar que existe uma relação estatisticamente
significativa entre a perceção e o rendimento escolar; entre o locus de controlo interno e
as notas escolares de algumas disciplinas; e entre as escalas do IHE e as notas escolares
de algumas disciplinas. Bem como, verificou-se a existência de diferenças
estatisticamente significativas entre os alunos que possuem diferentes níveis de atenção
e de memória face às notas escolares de algumas disciplinas; entre os alunos que possuem diferentes níveis de memória face ao locus de controlo interno; e entre os
alunos que possuem diferentes níveis de atenção face a algumas escalas do IHE.Some of the learning difficulties are explained by the absence or inadequate use
of study habits. Thus, the use of such habits becomes fundamental in the way it supports
the student’s learning course, through commitment and pro-active participation (Silva &
Sá, 2007).
The current cross-observational study focuses on the correlation of the following
variables: study habits, cognitive competencies (memory, attention span and
perception), locus of control and school performance.
A sample of 350 students was measured, from the schools EB 123/PE
Bartolomeu Perestrelo (Funchal) and ES/2,3 de Águas Santas (Maia). The participants
were aged between 12 and 18 years old (N = 350; M = 15,23 DP = 1,822), attending
third grade and secondary school.
In order to evaluate the participants, one had to resort to a Social-Demographic
Questionnaire; Study Habits Inventory (1997) by Pozar; Testing Perception of
Differences (1995) by Thurstone and Yela; Locus of Control Scale (1973) by Levenson;
an exercise to measure attention span; and an exercise to measure memory. The latter
two exercises have been developed by this study’s author.
The statistical review of data consisted on executing a variance analysis, oneway
ANOVA and a Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The data analysis has shown that
there is a significant statistical relationship between perception and school performance;
between internal locus of control and school grades of certain subjects; and between the
scales of IHE and school grades of certain subjects. In addition to this, significant statistical differences have been found among students who possess different attention
span levels and memory levels in relation to school grades of certain subjects; between
students who possess different levels of memory in relation to the internal locus of
control; and between students who possess different attention span levels in relation to particular IHE scales
The importance of measuring psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia
BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is among the most disabling of mental illnesses and frequently causes impaired functioning. We explore issues of definition and terminology, and the relationship between social functioning, cognition, and psychopathology considering relevant research findings. METHODS: The present article describes measures of social functioning and outlines their psychometric properties. It considers their usefulness in research and clinical settings. Treatment aims and objectives are explored in the context of cognitive and social functioning. Finally, we identify areas for developing research and refining the measurement of social functioning. RESULTS: The definition and measurement of social functioning in schizophrenia remains a complex and disputed area. The relationships between symptoms, cognitive functioning and social functioning are complex but we are beginning to understand them better. Scales for measuring functioning in clinical practice must be brief and sensitive to change and the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale may offer several advantages in these regards. Brief cognitive assessments focusing upon the domains most commonly affected in schizophrenia, such as verbal memory and executive functions, should be coadministered with measures of functioning. CONCLUSIONS: The use of validated scales for schizophrenia that are sensitive to change over the course of the illness and its treatment, should allow for a better understanding of patients' functional disabilities, enabling better and more comprehensive monitoring and evaluation of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies
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