Museo del Oro: viñetas

In January 2011, we summoned in Colombia an international group of scholars/activists to discuss the complexities of the relationship between archaeology, “illicit” excavations, museums, and indigenous peoples from a comparative gaze. The three-day workshop took place in Bogotá and Villa de Leyva. One of the events we set up during the Bogotá’s leg of the workshop was a visit to the Museo del Oro. In the museum’s cafeteria, we talked about what we had just seen, sensed and thought, and there emerged these impressions in which astonishment lives alongside an urge to say something. In Villa de Leyva we decided that each participant would write a vignette about her/his visit to the Museo del Oro. https://doi.org/10.22380/2539472X68En enero de 2011 convocamos a un grupo internacional de académicos/activistas para discutir en Colombia las complejidades de la relación entre arqueología, excavaciones “ilícitas”, museos y comunidades indígenas desde una mirada comparativa. El taller de tres días tuvo lugar en Bogotá y Villa de Leyva. Uno de los eventos programados durante los dos días de la parte bogotana del taller fue una visita al Museo del Oro. En el restaurante del museo conversamos sobre lo que acabábamos de ver, sentir y pensar, y surgieron estas impresiones en las que el estupor convive con un fuerte deseo por decir algo. En Villa de Leyva nació la idea de que cada uno de nosotros transcribiera sus emociones en formato de viñeta. https://doi.org/10.22380/2539472X6

Global biogeography of SAR11 marine bacteria

The ubiquitous SAR11 bacterial clade is the most abundant type of organism in the worldĝ€™s oceans, but the reasons for its success are not fully elucidated. We analysed 128 surface marine metagenomes, including 37 new Antarctic metagenomes. The large size of the data set enabled internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions to be obtained from the Southern polar region, enabling the first global characterization of the distribution of SAR11, from waters spanning temperatures ĝ̂'2 to 30°C. Our data show a stable co-occurrence of phylotypes within both ĝ€̃ tropicalĝ€™ (>20°C) and ĝ€̃ polarĝ€™ (<10°C) biomes, highlighting ecological niche differentiation between major SAR11 subgroups. All phylotypes display transitions in abundance that are strongly correlated with temperature and latitude. By assembling SAR11 genomes from Antarctic metagenome data, we identified specific genes, biases in gene functions and signatures of positive selection in the genomes of the polar SAR11ĝ€"genomic signatures of adaptive radiation. Our data demonstrate the importance of adaptive radiation in the organismĝ€™s ability to proliferate throughout the worldĝ€™s oceans, and describe genomic traits characteristic of different phylotypes in specific marine biomes. © 2012 EMBO and Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved

Vertical Zoning in Marine Protected Areas: Ecological Considerations for Balancing Pelagic Fishing with Conservation of Benthic Communities

Marine protected areas (MPAs), ideally, manage human uses that threaten ecosystems, or components of ecosystems. During several recent MPA designation processes, concerns have arisen over the scientific justification for no-take MPAs, particularly those that restrict recreational fishing for pelagic species. An important question is: under what conditions might recreational pelagic fishing be compatible with the conservation goals of an MPA that is primarily focused on benthic Communities? In 2005, an expert workshop of fisheries biologists, marine ecologists, MPA managers, and recreational fishermen was convened by NOAAs National MPA Center to evaluate the limited empirical data on benthic-pelagic coupling and to help provide practical advice on this topic. The participants (i) proposed a preliminary conceptual framework for addressing vertical zoning, (ii) developed preliminary guidelines to consider when evaluating whether to allow or restrict pelagic fishing in an MPA, and (iii) identified future research priorities for understanding benthic-pelagic Coupling. A Suite of ecological conditions where recreational pelagic fishing may not be compatible with benthic conservation were identified: (1) high relief habitats, (2) depths shallower than 50-100 m (depending upon the specific location), (3) major topographic and oceanographic features, and (4) spawning areas. Similarly, pelagic fishing is not likely to affect benthic communities adversely in many circumstances. Until further scientific study can shed more light on the issue of how benthic-pelagic linkages affect specific conservation targets, the proposed framework in this manuscript provides practical, easily-applied guidance for using vertical zoning to manage fishing in multiple use MPAs that focus on benthic conservation.Areas Marinas Protegidas (AMP) idealmente, administran el uso humano que amenaza los ecosistemas o sus componentes. Durante el actual proceso de declaracion de AMP, han surgido algunas preocupaciones acerca de la justificacion cientifica para establecer areas de no pesca, particularmente aquellas que restringen la pesca recreativa de especies pelagicas. Una pregunta importante es QQQ ?bajo que condiciones la pesca pelagica recreativa es compatible con los objetivos de conservacion de un AMP que se enfoca principalmente en comunidades bentonicas? En 2005, un taller de expertos en biologia pesquera, ecologfa marina, manejo de AMP y Pescadores recreativos fue convocado por el Centra Nacional de AMP de la NOAA para evaluar los pocos datos empiricos del acoplamiento entre los sistemas pelagico y bentonico, y ofrecer asesoria practica sobre el tema. Los participantes (i) propusieron un marco conceptual preliminar para abordar el tema de la zonacion vertical, (ii) desarrollar directrices preliminares para que cuando se haga una evaluation si se permite o restringe la pesca pelagica dentro de la AMP, y (iii) identificar futuras lineas de investigation para comprender mejor el acoplamiento entre el bentos y el sistema pelagico. Se identifico una serie de condiciones ecologicas en las que la pesca recreativa pelagica puede no ser compatible con la conservacion del bentos: (1) habitat de alto relieve, (2) profundidades menores a 50 m-100 m (dependiendo de la zona), (3) caracteristicas oceanograficas y topograficas sobresalientes, y (4) areas de desove. De igual forma, bajo varias circunstancias, la pesca pelagica puede no afectar las comunidades bentonicas. Hasta que los estudios cientificos brinden mas information acerca de como las relaciones entre el bentos y el ambiente pelagico afectan los objetivos especificos de la conservacion, el contexto propuesto en este trabajo provee una guia practica y de facil aplicacion para utilizar la zonacion vertical en el manejo pesquero en varios aspectos de las AMP que se enfocan en la conservacion del bentos.Keywords: Trophic level, Marine protected areas, Pelagic fisheries, Conservatio

El sistema del oro: exploraciones sobre el destino (emergente) de los objetos de oro precolombinos en Colombia

Guaquería, the practice of non-archaeological excavation of antiquity in the Andean region, has undergone substantive historical transformation in Colombia over hundreds of years. This article understands this practice as part of a dynamic system of relationships between archaeologists, museums, private collectors and the guaqueros. Occasioned by the mass-guaquería of the early 1990s when the "Malagana Treasure" was unearthed, I periodize these relationships with reference to Colombian anthropologists' scholarship and the significance of the Museo del Oro in Bogotá

In Colombia, Peace will Never Come: the (Trans)Nationality of the National Security State

In this presentation, Dr. Les W. Field draws upon his research in Latin America and in Israel/Occupied Palestine. In Colombia, on the one hand, and in Israel/Occupied Palestine on the other, two apparently distinct sets of phenomena co-exist in extensive contemporary time: peace talks, national reconciliation, restorative justice, and mediation workshops compose one set; waves of intensive violence, displacement of communities and minority populations, unaccountability for human rights violations, and exacerbated polarization of political and ideological positions compose the other set. The paradigm of the never-ending peace talks that never produce peace, but instead produce and re-produce the conditions for an ever more powerful National Security State in the two countries lies at the center of this paper\u27s descriptive analysis. Les W. Field, who received his PhD from Duke University in 1987, is a Full Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico (UNM), as well as a faculty affiliate of the UNM Latin American & Iberian Institute. Field\u27s current research in Colombia, which focuses upon archaeology, illicit excavation, indigenous communities, and museums, has been funded by a Fulbright Fellowship and the Wenner-Gren Foundation. In South, Central, and North America, Field\u27s research has hinged upon establishing relations of collaboration with communities concerning the goals, methods, agendas and products of anthropological work, and is reflected in his co-edited volume (with Richard Fox), titled Anthropology Put to Work (2007, Berg Publishers).https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/laii_events/1031/thumbnail.jp

The Colombia-Israel Nexus: Toward Historical and Analytic Contexts

Israel’s historical relationships with Argentina, Nicaragua, and Guatemala during the Cold War in the 1980s provides one context for understanding the parameters of Israeli foreign policy in the region. These relationships allied Israel with right-wing military regimes suppressing a variety of subversive others in Argentina and Guatemala, and also a right-wing counterinsurgency in Nicaragua. In the post–Cold War era, the Colombian case is distinctive because conflict is shaped by a number of different armed actors, including the state, right-wing paramilitaries, left-wing insurgents, and the narcotics industries. Israel’s role in the complex Colombian milieu involves relationships with both the state and the parastate, both the military and the paramilitaries. The Israeli and Colombian states are substantively and conceptually intertwined around a common obsession with national security and armed conflict with subversive others of many types. I ask whether a special relationship sutures Israel to Colombia linked to the expanding interventions of paramilitaries and parastate apparatuses. This article provides historical and analytic contexts to elaborate the Colombia-Israel relationship, toward a future in which “peace” may play an important role. Resumen Las relaciones históricas entre Israel y Argentina, Nicaragua y Colombia durante la Guerra Fría de los años 80 ofrece un contexto para entender los parámetros de la política exterior israelí en la región latinoamericana. Estas relaciones eran basadas en la alianza entre Israel y los regímenes militares-derechistas que practicaban una supresión total contra una variedad de “otros” subversivos en Argentina y Guatemala, y también en Nicaragua donde existía una contra-insurgencia derechista. En la época post-Guerra Fría, el caso colombiano es diferente porque el conflicto allí es formado por muchos actores armados que incluyen el estado, los paramilitares derechistas, los insurgentes de la izquierda, y la industria narcotraficante. El papel israelí en la situación complicada colombiana involucra relaciones entre estado y para-estado, el Ejército Nacional y los paramilitares. El estado colombiano y el estado israelí están entretejidos alrededor de una obsesión sobre seguridad nacional y conflicto armado contra el otro subversivo de varios tipos. Yo pregunto si una relación especial une a Israel con Colombia vinculada con las intervenciones aumentadas de paramilitares y los aparatos para-estatales. Este ensayo proporciona contextos históricos e analíticos para elaborar la relación entre Colombia e Israel, hacia un futuro en el cual “la paz” puede jugar un papel importante