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Artykuł z numeru 2/2013 internetowego czasopisma edukacyjnego ORE "Trendy

Współdziałanie Kościoła i państwa na rzecz pokoju i pojednania na Półwyspie Koreańskim. Wstęp do badań

Celem artykułu jest analiza form współpracy Kościoła Katolickiego z państwem na rzecz pokoju i pojednania na Półwyspie Koreańskim. Tytułem wstępu przedstawiono genezę współczesnych państw koreańskich oraz odmienności ustroju i porządków prawnych Republiki Korei i Koreańskiej Republiki Ludowo-Demokratycznej. Na tym tle, wykorzystując metodę historyczną i prawno-dogmatyczną, usystematyzowano i scharakteryzowano ważniejsze działania Kościoła Katolickiego (na poziomie parafii, diecezji, Konferencji Episkopatu Republiki Korei i Stolicy Apostolskiej), które zostały ukierunkowane na realizację idei zjednoczenia państw koreańskich. Ustalono, że chociaż w konstytucjach obu tych państw dano wyraz dążeniom do pokojowego zjednoczenia, to jednak współpraca instytucji politycznych i kościelnych w omawianym zakresie w małym stopniu opiera się na aktach normatywnych. W praktyce ma ona z reguły charakter nieformalny, a jej powodzenie zależy między innymi od stopnia wzajemnego zaufania stron. Istotne znaczenie posiada też jednak wola mocarstw, które mają swoje interesy w tej części świata. Niemniej jednak to właśnie z zasady pokojowego zjednoczenia Kościół Katolicki wyprowadza swoją kompetencję do współdziałania i wspierania wysiłków na rzecz pojednania i potencjalnego zjednoczenia Półwyspu Koreańskiego

T1−T2T_{1}-T_{2} dual-modal MRI contrast agents based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with surface attached gadolinium complexes

Dual-mode MRI contrast agents consisting of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) cores and gadolinium ions associated with the ionic chitosan protecting layer were synthesized and studied. Gadolinium ions were introduced into the coating layer via direct complex formation on the nanoparticles surface, covalent attachment or electrostatically driven deposition of the preformed Gd complex. The modified SPIONs having hydrodynamic diameters ca. 100 nm form stable, well-defined dispersions in water and have excellent magnetic properties. Physiochemical prop- erties of those new materials were characterized using e.g., FTIR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray fluorescence, TEM, and vibrating sample mag- netometry. They behave as superparamagnetics and shorten both T 1 and T 2 proton relaxation times, thus influencing both r 1 and r 2 relaxivity values that reach 53.7 and 375.5 mM - 1 s - 1 , respectively, at 15 MHz. The obtained materials can be considered as highly effective contrast agents for low-field MRI, particu- larly useful at permanent magnet-based scanners

Fabrication of functional carbon/magnetic nanocomposites as a promising model of utilization of used crosslinked polymers

The utilization of used crosslinked functional polymers (CFP) applied as sorbents or ion-exchangers is a great challenge arising from the need to protect the environment. In this paper we report a very promising way of obtaining carbon/magnetic composites based on metal (Co2+; Ni2+; Fe3+) derivatives of butadiene rubber-based phosphorus-containing polymer, which were treated as the model used CFP. We proposed a facile one-step thermal degradation approach to transform used CFP into carbon/magnetic composites (CMC). The obtained CMCs contained a mixture of metal phosphates and metal phosphides that exhibited strong magnetic properties due to the presence of nanosized metal derivatives with diameters of 100⁻140 nm. Structural and morphological changes of CFP and CMC after thermal degradation were investigated by the FTIR technique, X-ray Diffraction analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Atomic Force Microscope⁻Magnetic Force Microscope. Moreover, thermal degradation kinetics parameters were determined to optimize the efficiency of the process

Dynamics of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with various polymeric coatings

In this article, the results of a study of the magnetic dynamics of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings are reported. The materials were prepared by the co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering and scanning transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that the cores contain maghemite, and their hydrodynamic diameters vary from 49 nm for PEG-coated to 200 nm for chitosan-coated particles. The magnetic dynamics of the nanoparticles in terms of the function of temperature was studied with magnetic susceptometry and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Their superparamagnetic fluctuations frequencies, determined from the fits of Mössbauer spectra, range from tens to hundreds of megahertz at room temperature and mostly decrease in the applied magnetic field. For water suspensions of nanoparticles, maxima are observed in the absorption part of magnetic susceptibility and they shift to higher temperatures with increasing excitation frequency. A step-like decrease of the susceptibility occurs at freezing, and from that, the Brown’s and Néel’s contributions are extracted and compared for nanoparticles differing in core sizes and types of coating. The results are analyzed and discussed with respect to the tailoring of the dynamic properties of these nanoparticle materials for requirements related to the characteristic frequency ranges of MRI and electromagnetic field hyperthermia

Participation of Advocates in the Canonization Process a Legal and Historical Study

Since the 13th century, one of the participants of canonization processes has been advocatus fiscalis or, since the 15th century, promotor fiscalis, commonly referred to as a promoter of the faith. Beginning with the pontificate of Urban VIII (1623-1644), this function has been partaking in every case. On 11 January 1631, in the brief Nomina del Promoteore della Fede, the pope appointed the consistorial advocate to the office of Promoter of the Faith; he, at the same time, serves as fiscal advocate and the advocate of the Apostolic Chamber. One of the roles of the Promoter of the Faith was to report any problematic issues in the case; hence, in the 1917 Code of Canon Law of 1917 he was unjustly called advocatus diaboli; nevertheless, he always strived for the truth. The Promoter of the Faith was appointed from among the consistorial advocates, auditors of the Roman Rota or the Apostolic Chamber. The responsibility of consistorial advocates was to submit requests for beatification or canonization. The evolution of their roles and the establishment of a new institution, the College of Twelve Advocates for the Causes of Saints, are addressed in the second part of the article. The third part focuses on the participation of the advocate in canonization cases under the 1917 Code of Canon Law; the fourth part outlines the current legal status: advocate’s responsibility (to discover the truth) as shared with a number of entities engaged in the process of beatification

Supernatural Phenomena in Beatification Causes

Supernatural phenomena happen to accompany the candidates awaiting their canonisation; the authenticity of these occurrences and their supernatural origin are investigated during the beatification process. The most spectacular phenomena are: stigmata (Francis of Assisi, Catherine of Siena, Veronica Giuliani, Gemma Galgani, Faustyna Kowalska, Pio da Pietrelcina), bilocations and multilocations (Anthony of Padua, Joseph of Copertina, Mariam Baourdy), inedia, vigilance (Angela of Foligno), transverberation (Teresa of Avila, Pio da Pietrelcina), the gift of tears (Pietro Damiani, Ignatius Loyola), the gift of Agilità (Phillip Neri, Peter of Alcantara). Cognitive phenomena include: cardiognosis, telepathy, telesthesis, gift of prophesy, revelations and visions. The Church approaches occurrences of this kind with a great deal of caution. It does not institute a process until the essential conditions following from the canonisation law are not met. All-embracing studies, based on the rules of reasoning, leads to moral certainty of a justice who adjudicates on the practising of Christian virtues in a heroic degree. Since canonisation causes belong to the so called cause maiores, the Church does not rely solely on human intellect in its reasoning, but demands that the seal of God be presented – a miracle accomplished with the intercession of a given God's servant. Those who possess supernatural gifts are beatified not because of those phenomena that they experienced but because they were true bearers of light in history, people of faith, hope and love

The Concept of Relics and Canonical Recognition, Transfer and Preservation of the Mortal Remains of Servants of God According to the Instruction of the Congregation for the causes of Saints of 8 December 2017

For the first time since the reform of canon law in 1983, the terminology regarding relics was included in an official document of the Holy See. The Instruction distinguishes between significant and non-significant relics. Referring to the decrees of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, it shows the reasons why this particular division was rightly introduced. The bishop of the diocese or eparchy where the mortal remains are preserved is competent to perform all the possible procedures on them, provided he has previously obtained the consent of the heirs and the consent of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints (different variants are possible). Apart from a tribunal, the bishop nominates expert pathologists to perform technical procedures and two witnesses. The article discusses the procedures of canonical recognition of the remains, extraction of fragments in case of the imminent beatification, and some final operations

The Concept of Relics And Canonical Recognition, Transfer and Preservation of the Mortal Remains of Servantof God According to the Instruction of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on December 8, 2017

Po raz pierwszy od reformy prawa kanonicznego w 1983 r., w oficjalnym dokumencie Stolicy Apostolskiej została uporządkowana terminologia dotycząca relikwii. Instrukcja wyróżnia relikwie znaczne i nieznaczne. Nawiązując do dekretów Kongregacji Obrzędów ukazano racje, dla których ten podział słusznie został wprowadzony. Kompetentny do przeprowadzenia wszystkich czynności na doczesnych szczątkach sługi Bożego jest biskup diecezji lub eparchii, gdzie one spoczywają, po uzyskaniu zgody spadkobierców i zgody Kongregacji Spraw Kanonizacyjnych (możliwe są różne warianty). Oprócz trybunału, biskup mianuje biegłych patomorfologów, osoby do wykonania czynności technicznych oraz dwóch świadków przeprowadzonych czynności. Omówiono przebieg kanonicznej identyfikacji zwłok, pobranie fragmentów na wypadek spodziewanej beatyfikacji oraz czynności końcowe.For the first time since the reform of canon law in 1983 the terminology regarding relics was put in the official document of the Holy See. The Instruction distinguishes between significant and non-significant relics. Referring to the decrees of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, it shows the reasons why this particular division was rightly introduced. The Bishop of the diocese or of the eparchy where mortal remains are preserved is competent to perform all the possible procedures on them, provided he has obtained beforehand the consent of the heirs and the consent of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints (different variants are possible). Apart from a Tribunal the Bishop nominates expert pathologists, people charged with performing the technical aspects of the works and two witnesses. The procedures of canonical recognition of the remains, the extraction of some fragments in case of imminent beatification and some final operations are discussed