305 research outputs found
Ring-type singular solutions of the biharmonic nonlinear Schrodinger equation
We present new singular solutions of the biharmonic nonlinear Schrodinger
equation in dimension d and nonlinearity exponent 2\sigma+1. These solutions
collapse with the quasi self-similar ring profile, with ring width L(t) that
vanishes at singularity, and radius proportional to L^\alpha, where
\alpha=(4-\sigma)/(\sigma(d-1)). The blowup rate of these solutions is
1/(3+\alpha) for 4/d\le\sigma<4, and slightly faster than 1/4 for \sigma=4.
These solutions are analogous to the ring-type solutions of the nonlinear
Schrodinger equation.Comment: 21 pages, 13 figures, research articl
Properties of the SR Ca-ATPase in an Open Microsomal Membrane Preparation
SR vesicles isolated from rabbit muscle were treated by a SDS incubation and subsequent dialysis to obtain open membrane fragments that allow a direct access to the luminal membrane surface and especially to the ion-binding sites in the P-E2 conformation of the Ca-ATPase. The open membrane fragments showed about 80% of the enzyme activity in the untreated membranes. Pump function was investigated by using electrochromic styryl dyes. The kinetic properties of cytoplasmic ion binding showed no significant differences between the Ca-ATPases in SR vesicles and in membrane fragments. From pH-dependent Ca2+ binding it could be deduced that due to the SDS treatment the density of negatively charged lipid was increased by one elementary charge per 12 lipid molecules. Major differences between Ca-ATPase from SR vesicles and membrane fragments were the respective fluorescence amplitudes. This effect is, however, produced by dye-lipid interaction and not by pump function. It was demonstrated that time-resolved kinetics may be study by the use of caged compounds such as caged ATP or caged calcium also in the case of the membrane fragments
Interaction between habitat limitation and dispersal limitation is modulated by species life history and external conditions: a stochastic matrix model approach
Traditionally, species absence in a community is ascribed either to dispersal limitation (i.e., the inability of propagules of a species to reach a site) or to habitat limitation (abiotic or biotic conditions of a site prevent species from forming a viable population); sowing experiments can then distinguish between these two mechanisms. In our view, the situation is even more complicated. To demonstrate the complexity of the problem, we designed and applied simulations based on an extension of matrix models covering effects of propagule pressure and habitat limitation, and reflecting various characteristics of a species and of a habitat. These included life history, fecundity, seed bank viability of a species, habitat carrying capacity and disturbances. All the investigated factors affected proportion of occupied habitats. Whereas they can, to a large extent, compensate for each other, simultaneous decrease of habitat suitability and propagule input can be detrimental to the survival of a population. Our model demonstrated that in many cases, the absence of a species in a community is of stochastic nature, and result of interaction of species life history and various external conditions, and thus cannot be simply attributed to a single cause. The model results are supported with examples of case studies. The results also explain some well-known ecological phenomena, as decrease of niche breadth from the center to the margins of area of distribution. Finally, the model also suggests some caveats in interpretation of the results of sowing experiments.
|
Supporting Information
Supporting Information
</supplementary-material
Azimuthally polarized spatial dark solitons: exact solutions of Maxwell's equations in a Kerr medium
Spatial Kerr solitons, typically associated with the standard paraxial
nonlinear Schroedinger equation, are shown to exist to all nonparaxial orders,
as exact solutions of Maxwell's equations in the presence of vectorial Kerr
effect. More precisely, we prove the existence of azimuthally polarized,
spatial, dark soliton solutions of Maxwell's equations, while exact linearly
polarized (2+1)-D solitons do not exist. Our ab initio approach predicts the
existence of dark solitons up to an upper value of the maximum field amplitude,
corresponding to a minimum soliton width of about one fourth of the wavelength.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Power-dependent shaping of vortex solitons in optical lattices with spatially modulated nonlinear refractive index
We address vortex solitons supported by optical lattices featuring modulation
of both the linear and nonlinear refractive indices. We find that when the
modulation is out-of-phase the competition between both effects results in
remarkable shape transformations of the solitons which profoundly affect their
properties and stability. Nonlinear refractive index modulation is found to
impose restrictions on the maximal power of off-site solitons, which are shown
to be stable only below a maximum nonlinearity modulation depth.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Optics Letter
Finite-Band-width Effects on the Transition Temperature and NMR Relaxation Rate of Impure Superconductors
We study the thermodynamic properties of impure superconductors by explicitly
taking into consideration the finiteness of electronic bandwidths within the
phonon-mediated Eliashberg formalism. For a finite electronic bandwidth, the
superconducting transition temperature, , is suppressed by nonmagnetic
impurity scatterings. This is a consequence of a reduction in the effective
electron-phonon coupling, . The reduced is
reflected in the observation that the coherence peak in , where
is the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time and is the temperature,
is enhanced by impurity scatterings for a finite bandwidth. Calculations are
presented for and as bandwidths and impurity scattering rates
are varied. Implications for doped C superconductors are discussed in
connection with and measurements.Comment: 10 pages. REVTeX. 5 postscript figures. Scheduled to be published in
Physical Review B, March 1. The previous submission is revised and two
figures are adde
Stable two-dimensional solitons in nonlinear lattices
We address the existence and stability of two-dimensional solitons in optical
or matter-wave media, which are supported by purely nonlinear lattices in the
form of a periodic array of cylinders with self-focusing nonlinearity, embedded
into a linear material. We show that such lattices can stabilize
two-dimensional solitons against collapse. We also found that stable multipoles
and vortex solitons are also supported by the nonlinear lattices, provided that
the nonlinearity exhibits saturation.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Optics Letter
Controlling collapse in Bose-Einstein condensates by temporal modulation of the scattering length
We consider, by means of the variational approximation (VA) and direct
numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation, the dynamics of 2D
and 3D condensates with a scattering length containing constant and
harmonically varying parts, which can be achieved with an ac magnetic field
tuned to the Feshbach resonance. For a rapid time modulation, we develop an
approach based on the direct averaging of the GP equation,without using the VA.
In the 2D case, both VA and direct simulations, as well as the averaging
method, reveal the existence of stable self-confined condensates without an
external trap, in agreement with qualitatively similar results recently
reported for spatial solitons in nonlinear optics. In the 3D case, the VA again
predicts the existence of a stable self-confined condensate without a trap. In
this case, direct simulations demonstrate that the stability is limited in
time, eventually switching into collapse, even though the constant part of the
scattering length is positive (but not too large). Thus a spatially uniform ac
magnetic field, resonantly tuned to control the scattering length, may play the
role of an effective trap confining the condensate, and sometimes causing its
collapse.Comment: 7 figure
Stability of narrow beams in bulk Kerr-type nonlinear media
We consider (2+1)-dimensional beams, whose transverse size may be comparable
to or smaller than the carrier wavelength, on the basis of an extended version
of the nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation derived from the Maxwell`s equations.
As this equation is very cumbersome, we also study, in parallel to it, its
simplified version which keeps the most essential term: the term which accounts
for the {\it nonlinear diffraction}. The full equation additionally includes
terms generated by a deviation from the paraxial approximation and by a
longitudinal electric-field component in the beam. Solitary-wave stationary
solutions to both the full and simplified equations are found, treating the
terms which modify the nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation as perturbations.
Within the framework of the perturbative approach, a conserved power of the
beam is obtained in an explicit form. It is found that the nonlinear
diffraction affects stationary beams much stronger than nonparaxiality and
longitudinal field. Stability of the beams is directly tested by simulating the
simplified equation, with initial configurations taken as predicted by the
perturbation theory. The numerically generated solitary beams are always stable
and never start to collapse, although they display periodic internal
vibrations, whose amplitude decreases with the increase of the beam power.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures Accepted for publication in PR
Three Dimensional Simulation of Jet Formation in Collapsing Condensates
We numerically study the behavior of collapsing and exploding condensates
using the parameters of the experiments by E.A. Donley et al. [Nature,
412, 295, (2001)]. Our studies are based on a full three-dimensional
numerical solution of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) including three body
loss. We determine the three body loss rate from the number of remnant
condensate atoms and collapse times and obtain only one possible value which
fits with the experimental results. We then study the formation of jet atoms by
interrupting the collapse and find very good agreement with the experiment.
Furthermore we investigate the sensitivity of the jets to the initial
conditions. According to our analysis the dynamics of the burst atoms is not
described by the GPE with three body loss incorporated.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure
- …