Planting Density and Time of White Lupine Relay Intercropping in TEFF (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) in Burie District, North Western Ethiopia

The experiment was conducted during 2015/16 main rainy season in Burie District, North Western Ethiopia with an objective of evaluating the potential of lupine relay intercropping with different density and rely time of lupine in teff. Factorial combinations of 3 relay intercropping time(after 4,6,and 8 weeks of teff sowing),2 inter-row spacing (40cm and 60cm) and 2 intra-row spacing of lupine (20cm and 30cm), totally 12  treatment combinations, and 2 sole cropping of teff and lupine were laid out in randomized complete block design at three replications. The collected was subjected to ANOVA using SAS (9.2) software. LER and MAI were calculated to evaluate the yield advantage of lupine relay intercropping for which the highest LER (1.62) and MAI (20402.42 birr/ha) was obtained from early intercropping accompanied with narrower intra and inter row spacing of lupine. Keywords: rely intercropping, LER, M AI DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-19-01 Publication date:October 31st 202

Automated Arduino Based Temperature Control and Resistance Change Reading System for Gas Sensors

Semiconductor gas sensors detect gases by a chemical reaction that takes place when the gas is in contact with the sensor and sensitivity is affected by operating temperature and humidity. The accurate control of gas sensor’s operating temperature is a fundamental aspect that determines the sensitivity and selectivity of gas sensors. A variety of gas sensors are developed so far, and each has different working temperature requirement ranging from 200°C - 400°C for functioning at the finest. This research mainly focuses on the package design criteria of semiconductor gas sensor substrate being developed by Arizona State University. To maximize the sensor’s sensitivity, stability, and accuracy; the package design needs to regulate the gas sensing material at a preset temperature of 200°C using automated temperature control system. To achieve these requirements, we developed a system that contains a microcontroller, micro-heater, and temperature control circuit with temperature sensors(thermocouples) to control the temperature measurement and read the resistance change of the gas sensor using Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Controller algorithms. This paper proposes an invention of smart package design for gas sensor technology. It uses the Arduino microcontroller for processing and controlling the circuit operation and PID controller algorithm to automatically control the temperature by using PWM control of the metal ceramic heater and temperature sensor. This technology utilizes the principle of Wheatstone bridge to read the resistance change of the gas sensor and used an instrumentational amplifier (INA125P) to amplify the voltage reading from the circuit. In addition to the sensor’s performance, the designed package considers low-cost fabrication, portability, energy consumption and regulation of low voltage for operation

An Empirical Investigation of Exchange Rate Pass through to Consumer Price in Ethiopia (1981-2013)

This research paper investigated the foreign exchange pass to domestic price in Ethiopia for the year 1981 to 2013 using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration procedure. The result of the paper shows that foreign exchange pass to domestic price is not significant. Broad money supply, budget deficit and world commodity price index are the main determinates of domestic consumer price in Ethiopia. The result of the paper has policy implication in that an insignificant exchange rate pass-through is thought to provide greater freedom for pursuing an independent monetary policy and facilitates inflation targeting. The research paper therefore, concluded that government can devalue birr as long as it solves the problem of current account deficit but devaluation as policy instrument to stabilize domestic price is not justified based on the result found by this study. However, monetary policy found to be important policy instrument in stabilizing domestic price in Ethiopia. Keywords: Foreign exchange rate pass through, consumer price, ARDL cointegration

Agricultural Land Suitability Analysis for Maize Crop by Using GIS Technology in Case of Debub Gondar Zone, Ethiopia

Food security is the current problem that affects the socio economic standard and living condition of the society. Land suitability analysis is a method of land evaluation which measures the degree of appropriateness of land for a certain use. The aim of this study was to identify and delineate the land that can best support maize production by using GIS technology. The study was carried out in Debub Gondar zone in Ethiopia. Even though agriculture is the main economic activity in the study area, its productivity is insufficient because some of the crops being introduced are not doing well. For this study, three specific objectives were mentioned. These are; identify the suitable area of maize in the study area, identify the unsuitable area of maize in the study area and compare current maize production with suitable and unsuitable area. To accomplish these study four parameters were used such as soil, slope, temperature and rainfall. The parameters were analyzed by ArcGIS 10.3 software. As result the largest portion of the study area was unsuitable for maize production and some part of northern, north western and eastern part of study area was partially suitable for maize production. Finally, we recommended that the concerned bodies should cultivate maize around the suitable part of the study area. Keywords: Debub Gondar, GIS, Maize, Suitability DOI: 10.7176/JEES/11-4-01 Publication date: April 30th 202

HIGH ENERGY K X-RAY HYPERSATELLITES

This study focus on the weak lines that appear on high energy side of the diagram lines which is called High Energy K X-ray hypersatellites i.e., a particular category of characteristic X-ray due to splitting of fine structure levels. It’s resulted from the interaction of spin of an electron with the spin of the nucleus. They are emitted when an atom that has undergone a spontaneous transitions from the higher hyperfine level to the lower one to a radiation of frequency and wavelength. Simultaneous double ionization in the K-shell and multiple ionization in the L-shell gives rise to K? X-ray hypersatellites. These can be studied only by high energy resolution instruments like WDXRF spectrometry. Fundamental experimental procedures were outlined in this field by several workers due to different excitation modes. The theoretical models to predict their energies and intensities were developed. And also this review can show a clear discrepancy between theoretical and experimental results in the case of hypersatellites formation from different shells. In case of experimental instrumentation, WDXRF is the most accurate for determining the energy and intensity of X-ray hypersatellites. All sources of data was literature done by different scholars. Keywords: X-ray hypersatellites; Energy Ratio; Intensity Rati

Review Paper on High Energy K X-RAY Satellites

This study focus on High Energy K X-ray satellites which are a particular category of characteristic X-ray. They are emitted when an atom that has undergone multiple ionization de excites. Simultaneous single ionization in the K-shell and multiple ionization in the L-shell gives rise to K? X-ray satellites. These can be studied only by high energy resolution instruments like crystal spectrometry. Experimental investigations were carried out in this field by several workers using photon, electron, and ion excitation modes. The theoretical models to predict their energies and intensities were developed. And also this work can show a clear discrepancy between theoretical and experimental results in the case of satellites formation from different shells. In case of experimental instrumentation, WDXRF is the most accurate for determining the energy and intensity of X-ray satellites. The basic source of data was literature done by different scholars. Keywords: X-ray satellites; spectrometers; energy ratio; intensity rati

Propagation Techniques for Highland Bamboo (Arundinaria alpina) in the Choke Mountain, Northwestern Ethiopia

With the aim of identifying improved propagation techniques that can be applied in a larger scale plantation, six types of vegetative propagation materials obtained from three A. alpina landraces (TIFRO, WELELE and WONDE) were evaluated for their performance under field condition in the Choke Mountain, northwestern Ethiopia. The three techniques namely stump, rhizome and whole-culm had fastest shoot emergence (21-22 days) and superior performance during the four Months period After establishment (MAE).Shoot height was 262, 233 and 193 cm for stump, rhizome and whole-culm with respective to diameter at breast height of 1.0, 1.1 and 1.5 cm 4 MAE, respectively. The whole-culm method also produced the maximum number of shoots (10 new shoots per propagule), along its stem length (at the upper, middle and butt positions excluding its lower one-third portion) but branch cuttings and culm cuttings had slow shoot emergence (average 30 days) and very poor performance. In general, TIFRO and WELELE landraces had faster shoot emergence (21-23 days) and significantly higher number of new shoots than WONDE landrace. Shoot emergence of the offset (traditional) method was delayed up to the next shooting season (11 MAE) but its performance, including survival rate of the propagules (85%), was superior at that season. New shoots from stump, rhizome and whole-culm were found to be prone (survival rate 17-26%) primarily to strong wind and storm and most probably moisture fluctuations under field condition after four months period hence further research on silvicultural practices that can maximize their persistence is required.Keywords: cuttings, landraces, offset, rhizome-based propagation, Yushania alpin

Photosynthetic Responses of Seedlings of two Indigenous Plants inside Exotic Tree Plantations and adjacent Natural Forest in Munessa–Shashemene Forest, SouthernEthiopia

The potential role of exotic tree plantations in facilitating successional processes on degraded areas was evaluated in southern Ethiopia, Munessa-Shashemene forest, by examining photosynthetic responses of Bersamaabyssinica Fres. and Croton macrostachyusDel. seedlings naturally grown inside plantations of Eucalyptussaligna and Pinuspatula and adjacent natural forest. Photosynthetic responses of the seedlings were recorded using modulated photosynthesis yield analyzer, Mini-PAM. Analysis of fluorescence parameters in the leaves showed no significant differences in the level of dark-adapted and light-adapted fluorescence yield (Fv/Fm and ÄF/Fm,, respectively) among seedlings grown inside plantations and adjacent natural forest indicating similar photosynthetic performance. The light response curves of electron transport rate (ETR), light-adapted fluorescence yield (ÄF/Fm,) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)showed similar light saturation behavior among the seedlings grown inside plantations and natural forest and suggested a shade-adapted behavior of Bersamaabyssinica as compared to Croton macrostachyus. The results suggest the role of exotic tree plantationsin facilitating restoration processes on degraded areas by improving light conditions for photosynthesis.Keywords: Chlorophyll fluorescence, Light response curves, PS II, Restoration, Ethiopia