fr2sql : Interrogation de bases de données en français

National audienceDatabases are increasingly common and are becoming increasingly important in actual applications and Web sites. They often used by people who do not have great competence in this domain and who do not know exactly their structure. This is why translators from natural language to SQL queries are developed. Unfortunately, most of these translators is confined to a single database due to the specificity of the base architecture. In this paper, we propose a method to query any database from french. We evaluate our application on two different databases and we also show that it supports more operations than most other translators.Les bases de données sont de plus en plus courantes et prennent de plus en plus d'ampleur au sein des applications et sites Web actuels. Elles sont souvent amenées à être utilisées par des personnes n'ayant pas une grande compétence en la matière et ne connaissant pas rigoureusement leur structure. C'est pour cette raison que des traducteurs du langage naturel aux requêtes SQL sont développés. Malheureusement, la plupart de ces traducteurs se cantonnent à une seule base du fait de la spécificité de l'architecture de celle-ci. Dans cet article, nous proposons une méthode visant à pouvoir interroger n'importe quelle base de données à partir de questions en français. Nous évaluons notre application sur deux bases à la structure différente et nous montrons également qu'elle supporte plus d'opérations que la plupart des autres traducteurs

Statically scheduled Process Networks

Event/Marked Graphs (EG) form a strict subset of Petri Nets. They are fundamental models in Scheduling Theory, mostly because of their absence of alternative behaviors (or conflict-freeness). It was established in the past that, under broad structural conditions, behavior of Timed Event Graphs (TEG) becomes utterly regular (technically speaking: “ultimately k-periodic”). More recently it has been proposed to use this kind of regular schedulings as syntactic types for so-called N-synchronous processes. These types remained essentially user-provided. Elsewhere there have been proposals for adding control in a “light fashion” to TEGs, not as general Petri Nets, but with the addition of Merge/Select nodes switching the data flows. This was much in the spirit of Kahn process networks [8, 9]. But usually the streams of test values governing the switches are left unspecified, which may introduce phenomena of congestion or starvation in the system, as token flow preservation becomes an issue. In the present paper we suggest to restrict the Merge/Select condition streams to (binary) k-periodic patterns as well, and to study their relations with the schedules constructed as before for TEGs, but on the extended model. We call this model Kahn-extended Event Graphs (KEG). The main result is that flow preservation is now checkable (by abstraction into another model of Weighted Marked Graphs, called SDF in the literature). There are many potential applications of KEG models, as for instance in modern Systems-on-Chip (SoC) comprising on-Chip networks. Communication links can then be shared, and the model can represent the (regular) activity schedules of the computing as well as the communicating components, after a strict scheduling has been found. They can also be used as a support to help find the solution

Kahn-extended Event Graphs

Process Networks have long been used as formal Models of Computation in the design of dedicated hardware and software embedded systems and Systems-on-Chip. Choice-less models such as Marked/Event Graphs and their Synchronous Data Flow extensions have been considered to support periodic scheduling analysis. Those models do not hide dependency informations like regular sequential languages: they capture the communication topology through point-to-point channels. Those models are concurrent, formally defined, have a clear semantic but are limited due to static point-to-point channels. Then, further extensions such as Cyclo-Static Data Flow or Boolean-controlled Dataflow (BDF) graphs introduced routing switches, allowing internal choices while preserving conflict-freeness, in the tradition of Kahn Process Networks. We introduce a new model, which we term Kahn-extended Event Graphs (KEG). It can be seen as a specialization of both Cyclo-Static and BDF processes. It consists merely in the addition of Merge/Select routing nodes to former Marked/Event Graphs; but, most importantly, these new nodes are governed by explicit (ultimately periodic) binary-word switching patterns for routing directions. We introduce identities on Merge/Select expressions, and show how they build a full axiomatization for the flow-equivalence between the computation nodes. The transformations carry a strong intuitive meaning, as they correspond to sharing/unsharing the interconnect links. Such interconnect defines each time a precise Network-on-Chip topology, and the switching patterns drive the traffic. One can also compute the buffering space actually required at the various fifo locations. The example of a Sobel edge filter is discussed to illustrate the importance of this model

Combining SystemC, IP-XACT and UML/MARTE in model-based SoC design

International audienceModern SoC design may rely on models, or on highlevel description languages. Although very close, the benefits obtained from either sides can be substantially different (and mismatch may occur). The IP-Xact formalism, now a standard (IEEE 1685), was introduced to help assemble component IP from distinct sources into an integrated design. Components could be expressed in high-level HDLs such as SystemC, so should be the full design after translation. Experience shows that in fact this is hardly the case, specially in publicly available methods and tools. The present contribution goes one step into linking SystemC designs to their IP-Xact structural representation by translation. It then exports the resulting IP-Xact model into the UML/MARTE profile modeling framework, to allow to annotating existing models with additional information (again in a publicly available fashion, as opposed to vendor extensions). Even if our approach is still far from being complete, it bridges a number of gaps induce by the combined uses of SystemC and IP-Xact

Two Chromogranin A-Derived Peptides Induce Calcium Entry in Human Neutrophils by Calmodulin-Regulated Calcium Independent Phospholipase A2

Background: Antimicrobial peptides derived from the natural processing of chromogranin A (CgA) are co-secreted with catecholamines upon stimulation of chromaffin cells. Since PMNs play a central role in innate immunity, we examine responses by PMNs following stimulation by two antimicrobial CgA-derived peptides. Methodology/Principal Findings: PMNs were treated with different concentrations of CgA-derived peptides in presence of several drugs. Calcium mobilization was observed by using flow cytometry and calcium imaging experiments. Immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy have shown the intracellular localization of the peptides. The calmodulin-binding and iPLA2 activating properties of the peptides were shown by Surface Plasmon Resonance and iPLA2 activity assays. Finally, a proteomic analysis of the material released after PMNs treatment with CgA-derived peptides was performed by using HPLC and Nano-LC MS-MS. By using flow cytometry we first observed that after 15 s, in presence of extracellular calcium, Chromofungin (CHR) or Catestatin (CAT) induce a concentration-dependent transient increase of intracellular calcium. In contrast, in absence of extra cellular calcium the peptides are unable to induce calcium depletion from the stores after 10 minutes exposure. Treatment with 2-APB (2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate), a store operated channels (SOCs) blocker, inhibits completely the calcium entry, as shown by calcium imaging. We also showed that they activate iPLA2 as the two CaM-binding factors (W7 and CMZ) and that the two sequences can be aligned with the two CaMbinding domains reported for iPLA2. We finally analyzed by HPLC and Nano-LC MS-MS the material released by PMNs following stimulation by CHR and CAT. We characterized several factors important for inflammation and innate immunity. Conclusions/Significance: For the first time, we demonstrate that CHR and CAT, penetrate into PMNs, inducing extracellular calcium entry by a CaM-regulated iPLA2 pathway. Our study highlights the role of two CgA-derived peptides in the active communication between neuroendocrine and immune systems

TimeSquare: Logical Time Matters

http://timesquare.inria.frTimeSquare is a software environment for the modeling, simulation and analysis of timing constraints in embedded systems. It relies specifically on the Time Model of the Marte UML profile, and more accurately on the associated Clock Constraint Specification Language (CCSL) for the expression of timing constraints

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REMERCIEMENTS Au nom de l'équipe ILCEA (ILCEA4 depuis fin 2014), je remercie Christian Estrade d'avoir accepté de coordonner ce numéro d’hommage à Michel Lafon et je remercie également tous les auteurs qui ont répondu présent pour participer à ce recueil. Ce numéro était une évidence. Comme universitaire et professeur, Michel Lafon a marqué de son empreinte les études sur la littérature du Rio de la Plata et de l’Amérique latine. Mais il a également marqué l’histoire de notre unité de recherche, ILCEA (Institut des Langues et Cultures d’Europe et d’Amérique), qu’il a dirigée pendant 15 ans (de 1996 à 2011), avec une implication de tous les instants et un engagement sans faille pour que toutes les recherches (en langues, littératures et civilisations étrangères, traduction et langue de spécialité) et toutes les équipes internes puissent se développer et rayonner, dans un souci permanent de rigueur, de qualité, d’échanges. Michel a porté l’ILCEA partout, en France et à l’étranger. Il a toujours répondu présent pour l’unité et il a œuvré pour son adaptation aux évolutions de la recherche et aux nouveaux défis, et le choix du passage de la revue ILCEA au format en ligne et en open access en est un bon exemple. L’ILCEA fait par conséquent partie intégrante de son « œuvre », de son héritage et de son essaimage. À travers notre unité et la revue ILCEA, Michel reste toujours parmi nous. Un grand merci à Sarah Arab Gauthier pour son travail de secrétaire de rédaction qui a rendu possible la parution de ce numéro dans des délais très serrés. Almudena Delgado Larios, directrice de l’ILCEA (2011-2014) et de l’ILCEA4 depuis 2015 et directrice de la revue ILCE

Performance of the Pierre Auger Fluorescence Detector and Analysis of well recontructed events

The Pierre Auger Observatory is designed to elucidate the origin and nature of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays using a hybrid detection technique. A first run of data taking with a prototype version of both detectors (the so called Engineering Array) took place in 2001-2002, allowing the Collaboration to evaluate the performance of the two detector systems and to approach an analysis strategy. In this contribution, after a brief description of the system, we will report some results on the behavior of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) Prototype. Performance studies, such as measurements of noise, sensitivity and duty cycle, will be presented. We will illustrate a preliminary analysis of selected air showers. This analysis is performed using exclusively the information from the FD, and includes reconstruction of the shower geometry and of the longitudinal profil

A Study Of Very Inclined Showers In The Pierre Auger Observatory

The Engineering Array of the Auger Observatory has been running successfully since 2001 and inclined showers have been recorded from the start. We have analysed the events with zenith angle $>$ 70$^0$ recorded between May and November 2002. The different algorithms developed to analyze these showers are also discussed. An preliminary discussion of a reconstructed event having 20 detectors hit is presented. Inclined showers will be detected by the full Auger Observatory and they will allow significant enhancement of the array aperture. High energy events will be seen as spectacular events with 30 or 40 tanks triggered and they will provide alternative information on muon content in air showers