Fenologia, crescimento vegetativo e rendimento de figueira no Sudeste do Brasil

The objective of this work was to evaluate the phenological patterns, vegetative growth, and yield characteristics of fig (Ficus carica)varieties in Southeastern Brazil. The 'Roxo de Valinhos', White Genova, PI-189, and Troyano varieties were distributed in a randomized complete block design and evaluated in the field. The following characteristics were assessed: number of days between pruning and the beginning of sprouting; leaf chlorophyll content; number of shoots on each branch; length, diameter, and number of internodes on each branch; number of leaves per plant; leaf area; number of fruit per plant; mass, length, and diameter of fruit; production and yield; and duration (days) of each phenological stage, such as thermal requirement models. 'Roxo de Valinhos' and White Genova sprouted the fastest and showed the largest number of shoots. Troyano obtained the greatest branch length and diameter, as well as the greatest number of fruit per plant, which had the shortest diameter and length and the lowest mass of fruit. Furthermore, Troyano showed the latest harvest, besides the thermal requirement of 4,577.31 degree-days. 'Roxo de Valinhos' and White Genova produced fruit with the greatest average mass and diameter and the longest length. Troyano shows better vegetative growth and produces more fruit per plant than 'Roxo de Valinhos', but both genotypes show similar yields.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os padrões fenológicos, o crescimento vegetativo e as características de rendimento de variedades de figueira (Ficus carica) no Sudeste brasileiro. As variedades 'Roxo de Valinhos', White Genova, PI-189 e Troyano foram distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso e avaliadas em campo. As seguintes características foram avaliadas: número de dias entre a poda e o início da brotação; teor de clorofila das folhas; número de brotos por ramo; comprimento, diâmetro e número de entrenós de cada ramo; número de folhas por planta; área foliar; número de frutos por planta; massa, comprimento e diâmetro dos frutos; produção e produtividade; e duração (dias) de cada estágio fenológico, tais como modelos de requerimento térmico. 'Roxo de Valinhos' e White Genova brotaram mais rapidamente e apresentaram maior número de brotações. Troyano obteve os maiores diâmetro e comprimento dos ramos, assim como maior número de frutos por planta, os quais tiveram os menores diâmetro, comprimento e massa. Além disso, Troyano apresentou colheita mais tardia e necessidade térmica de 4.577,31 graus-dia. 'Roxo de Valinhos' e White Genova apresentaram frutos com maior massa, diâmetro e comprimento. Troyano apresenta melhor desenvolvimento vegetativo e produz mais frutos por planta do que 'Roxo de Valinhos', mas os rendimentos de ambos os genótipos são similares

Use of plant growth regulators in fig tree seedlings ‘Roxo de Valinhos’

The application of plant growth regulators can promote better development of the seedlings, essential for the success of fruit growing. The current study aims to evaluate the use of plant growth regulators in fig tree seedlings ‘Roxo de Valinhos’. The experiment was carried out in a suspended nursery covered with plastic, using rooted cuttings of the cultivar Roxo de Valinhos. Four applications were made with a commercial product, known as Stimulate®, at doses of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mL L-1. Using a randomized block experimental design, the study was subdivided into plots (doses X days of the last application [after 0, 7, 14 and 21]). The following traits were evaluated: stem and root length; stem diameter; root volume; leaf number; leaf area; stem, leaf and root dry mass; specific leaf area, leaf weight ratio; leaf area ratio; and chlorophyll total. Results indicated that the product promoted greater seedlings development at a dose range from 100 to 150 mL L-1. Different dose levels did not vary according to the days after product application. Furthermore, using such technique enabled seedlings of higher quality and vigour

Peaches phenology and production submitted to foliar nitrogen fertilizer and calcium nitrate

Choosing cultivars that require less chilling temperatures to overcome dormancy is crucial, for example, peaches that grow in subtropical areas, which is not an appropriate climate for them. Thus, alternative techniques are necessary to induce sprouting. Yet there are not many available products in market, restricting options for fruit growers to a reduced number of chemical molecules, which are often harm the health to applicators. Therefore, this study aimed to assess phenological cycles and productive performance of three peach cultivars, submitted to foliar nitrogen fertilizer and calcium nitrate to induce sprouting. This study took place at Experimental Orchard of School of Agriculture (FCA, UNESP), Botucatu, state of São Paulo. Three peach cultivars were evaluated: ‘Douradão’, ‘BRS Kampai’ and ‘BRS Rubimel’ by applying four doses of foliar nitrogen fertilizer (FNF) at 0, 1.25, 2.50 and 3.75%; associated with 4% calcium nitrate. A 3x4 factorial arrangement (3 cultivars X 4 FNF doses) in a randomized block design was used, with 4 replicates and 2 plants per plot, totalizing 96 plants. Results indicated that FNF positively affected cultivars development, providing wider sprouting, flowering and fruit set; consequently, greater production. Then FNF became a good alternative to induce sprouting in peaches at mild winter temperatures. Moreover, ‘BRS Rubimel’ presented high sowing percentage associated with low flowering and fruit set percentages, that is, low production mainly caused by its lack of adaptability to studied region

Garlic extract and hydrogen cyanamide on 'Tupy' blackberry bud sprouting, flowering and harvest

Abstract Considering the reduction of synthetic compounds used in sustainable fruit production system, this work aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of applying garlic extract and hydrogen cyanamide (C 22 H 19 Cl 2 NO 3 ) in the bud sprouting, flowering and harvesting of blackberry. The research was conducted during the season of 2011 and 2012. The experiment design was randomized in split plots, consisting of 12 blocks. Each plot corresponded to the six treatments with hydrogen cyanamide, garlic extract and control (0%); and subplots were formed from the two crop seasons. 'Tupy' blackberry were 2 and 3 years-old, trained to 1.2m high espalier-type trellis with 4 lateral canes retained in a T configuration, with a spacing of 0.6 m between plants and 4.0 m between rows. The plants were pruned in August and the treatments applied immediately afterwards: 4% hydrogen cyanamide (standard product) and garlic extract in doses of 4.0%, 8.0%, 12.0% and 16.0%, and control. Both products were applied only once; and separately by using knapsack sprayer in the early morning hours. The hydrogen cyanamide 4% performed best, bringing forward more uniform bud sprouting and fruit harvesting. The intervals between: pruning and bud sprouting and pruning and harvesting were 14.5 and 87.5 days, respectively. The evaluated garlic extract concentrations showed similar values of production compared with the other treatments, except at 16% in 2011, being the highest concentration used on cultivated blackberry at São Manuel, São Paulo state, Brazil

Chilling and forcing requirement of five international fig cultivars grown in Southeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT Chill hours availability influence break dormancy, sprouting and production of temperate fruits trees in different regions. However, there are few reports on the subject for fig tree. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the accumulated chilling hours on the physiology and dormancy release of fig cultivars. Stem cuttings of five fig cultivars were collected at the end of winter over two crop cycles and exposed to 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 accumulated chilling hours (CH) in a cold chamber (8±0.5 ºC). Physiology of fig buds was then evaluated with regards to antioxidant enzymes activity, carbohydrate and nitrogen contents. The exposure of fig stem cuttings with two buds to different accumulated CH presented physiological changes for antioxidant enzymes activity, carbohydrates and nitrogen contents and confirming that the cultivars responded differently to the climatic conditions of each crop cycle. Results detected that the lowest accumulated CH in field in 2018 (2.7 CH) enabled a greater effect of the artificial CH when compared to 2017 (19.5 CH). Each fig cultivar had a critical accumulation point. The cultivars Roxo de Valinhos and Pingo de Mel require less CH to break dormancy, while Troyano requires more CH to finish this vegetative rest period

Induction of sprouting on physicochemical profile and bioactive compounds in peach cultivars by foliar applications

ABSTRACT The induction of sprouting is a fundamental practice to grow temperate fruits in warmer regions, as the use of alternative products are necessary. This study aimed to verify the influence of foliar nitrogen fertilizer application to induce bud sprouting at different doses in three types of peach cultivars, regarding fruit quality, in Botucatu, state of Sao Paulo. This study occurred at the experimental orchard of Botucatu Agriculture School of Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCA/UNESP) in 2015 and 2016. Evaluations consisted of three cultivars Douradáo, BRS Kampai and BRS Rubimel; and four doses of foliar nitrogen fertilizer (0; 1.25; 2.50 and 3.75%) with 4% calcium nitrate in all treatments. A randomized experimental design was conducted with 12 treatments, 4 replicates and 5 fruits per plot, that is, 240 evaluated fruits in each productive cycle. Fruits produced by cultivar BRS Rubimel showed the highest mean mass among the others, being greater than 100 g, regardless of applied dose. In this study, different doses influenced physical, physicochemical and biochemical attributes of fruits in all cultivars. However, both cultivars showed good quality standards in terms of size, high soluble solids content and low acidity, being recommended for direct consumption in Botucatu, state of Sao Paulo.RESUMEN La inducción de brotación es una práctica fundamental en el cultivo de frutales en regiones de clima caliente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de productos alternativos con la aplicación de diferentes dosis del fertilizante foliar nitrogenado (FFN), para inducir a la brotación y la calidad de frutos de tres cultivares de durazno en Botucatu - SP. El trabajo fue realizado durante los años 2015 y 2016, en la Estación Experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas de la Universidad Estadual Paulista, campus de Botucatu, SP. Los cultivares evaluados fueron durazno Douradáo, BRS Kampai y BRS Rubimel, con cuatro dosis de FFN: 0; 1,25; 2,50 y 3,75%, asociadas al 4% de nitrato de calcio. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, con 12 tratamientos, 4 repeticiones y 5 frutos por parcela, totalizando 240frutos evaluados, en cada ciclo productivo. Los frutos producidos por el cultivar BRS Rubimel presentaron el mayor peso medio de los tres cultivares analizados, y fue superior a 100 g, indepen dientemente de la dosis del FFN utilizada. Las diferentes dosis del FFN utilizadas en este trabajo afectaron las características organolépticas de los frutos de los cultivares evaluados, en aspectos físicos, fisicoquímicos y bioquímicos. Los cultivares BRS Kampai y BRS Rubimel presentaron frutos con patrones óptimos de calidad en cuanto al tamaño, contenido de sólidos solubles y baja acidez, y son recomendados para producción destinada al consumo fresco en la región de Botucatu - SP

Cobertura do cacho de banana: avaliação de materiais promissores para os sacos

Now days there has been an increase in the consumers demand for great food, produced in environmentally cost-effective and friendly processes, being increasingly necessary new cultivation techniques able to ensure the required standards for banana growers and consumers. Therefore, the research aimed to evaluate the effects of bunch cover materials on development and quality of ‘BRS Platina’ banana fruits. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with six treatments, four replications and four plants per plot, being the treatments: WB – without bagging; BBTK – black polypropylene bag (TNT) + kraft paper; BBPK - black polyethilene bag + kraft paper; KP – kraft paper; WBT – non-woven polypropylene white bag (TNT) and WBP - white polyethylene plastic bag. The ‘BRS Platina’ banana bunches cover improved fruits quality and the treatment polyethylene white bag (WBP) can be an advantageous option for the banana growers because of its effectiveness on the reduction of damages caused by flowers thrips (Frankliniella spp), providing a good agronomic performance and also does not delay the harvesting.Hoje em dia tem havido um aumento na demanda dos consumidores por bons alimentos produzidos de maneira ambientalmente correta e economicamente viável, sendo cada vez mais necessárias novas técnicas de cultivo capazes de garantir os padrões exigidos pelos produtores e consumidores de banana. Portanto, a pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos dos materiais de cobertura dos cachos no desenvolvimento e na qualidade de frutos de bananeira ‘BRS Platina’. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos, quatro repetições e quatro plantas por parcela, sendo os tratamentos: WB - sem ensacamento; BBTK - saco de polipropileno preto (TNT) + papel kraft; BBPK - saco de polietileno preto + papel kraft; KP - papel kraft; WBT - saco plástico de polipropileno não tecido (TNT) e WBP - saco plástico de polietileno branco. O ensacamento dos cachos de banana 'BRS Platina' melhoram a qualidade dos frutos e o tratamento com saco branco de polietileno (WBP) pode ser uma opção vantajosa para os bananicultores, por sua eficácia na redução de danos causados ​​pelo tripes de flores (Frankliniella spp), proporcionando um boa desempenho agronômico, além de não retardar a colheita

Calcium Nutrition in Fig Orchards Enhance Fruit Quality at Harvest and Storage

Due to the high perishability of figs, calcium stands out as an important nutrient for orchard management. This study aims to study the pre-harvest applications of calcium chloride in fig orchards. The fig trees were sprayed with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% CaCl2, and fruits were thereafter stored for 0, 7, 14 and 21 d. The variables analysed were the concentration of calcium in leaves and fruits, weight loss, fruit decay, pectinolytic enzyme activity, and physical and chemical attributes of the fruits; CaCl2 sprays enhanced fruit Ca2+ concentration in leaves (14.03%) and fruits (29.3%) and were effective in reducing polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase activity, weight loss and fruit decay. Pre-treatment with 1% CaCl2 provided fruits with larger diameters, greater firmness, and higher levels of total phenolic compounds in both fruit peel and pulp. The pre-harvest application at 1% CaCl2 showed to be a promising technique in producing high quality fruits and extended storage by approximately 7 to 10 days. These findings may be useful in planning new cultural practices for fig orchards that produce high-quality fruit with desirable characteristics for growers and consumers