Effect of the mycorrhizal symbiosis time in the antioxidant activity of fungi and Pinus pinaster roots, stems and leaves

The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis that develops between the roots of host trees and the soil ECM fungi is an important factor towards the survival, health and growth of these trees, as it stimulates their water and nutrient uptake. Ectomycorrhizal colonization can result in the deposition of phenolic compounds in peripheral cortex cells and a similar answer can be recognized as one way of plant defense against pathogenic infections. The aim of the present work was the evaluation of antioxidant potential of the ectomycorrhizal fungi, Paxillus involutus and Pisolithus arhizus, in presence and absence of the symbiont – Pinus pinaster –, in response to the symbiotic association, under different contact periods (45 days and 48 h). Phenolic contents in mycelia, culture media and plant leaves, stems and roots were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, and their antioxidant properties were evaluated by three in vitro assays: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition through B-carotene bleaching inhibition. Comparing the response of the symbionts to the host species, Pinus pinaster benefited most with the association, because it generally decreases the phenolics content and the antioxidant activity values in the presence of both ectomycorrhizal fungi along time. Pisolithus arhizus also decreased, in general, its phenolics levels and antioxidant properties, alongside with Pinus pinaster, unlike Paxillus involutus that did not have the same response as it increases its content of phenolics and some of its values of antioxidant activity. These results can be considered as an hypothetical signal of a symbiotic differential compatibility of mycorrhizal fungi for a host

Antioxidant potential of fungi and seedlings during mycorrhizal induction

Mycorrhizal associations implicate a chemical recognizing process being the establishment of the symbiosis triggered by signals produced by both partners. We evaluated the establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis between two ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi species, Paxillus involutus and Pisolithus arhizus, and two different symbionts, Pinus pinaster and Castanea sativa. ln a first step, we monitored the growth of the two ECM species in the presence and absence of the symbiont P. pinaster. Then we evaluated the antioxidant properties of fungi and seedlings, in response to the symbiotic process, under different contact periods. After, we tested the mycorrhization process between the two fungi species and C. sativa seedlings, assessing the production of tocopherols and sugars produced by both partners during the earlier steps of symbiosis. The antioxidant properties were assessed through four in vitro assays: Folin-Ciocalteu assay (total phenolics), Ferricyanide/Prussian blue assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and Beta-carotene/linoleate system assay. Tocopherols and sugars were analysed by HPLC-fluorescence and HPLC-RI, respectively. ECM fungi grew less in the presence of P. pinaster, with P. arhizus being less affected (in growth) and thus being more adapted to this association. Regarding the mechanisms of oxidative stress in ectomycorrhizal associations, t he response of the fungi and plants to the contact with the host is somehow specific, revealing different forms of mutual recognition. Considering bioactive compounds production, P. involutus revea led a maximal value of phenolics after 6h in co-culture with P. pinaster and P. arhizus revealed increased contents of sugars and tocopherols when in contact with C. sativa

Chemical composition and nutritional value of the most widely appreciated cultivated mushrooms: an inter-species comparative study

Herein, it was reported and compared the chemical composition and nutritional value of the most consumed species as fresh cultivated mushrooms: Agaricus bisporus (White and Brown mushrooms), Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom), Pleurotus eryngii (King oyster mushroom), Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) and Flammulina velutipes (Golden needle mushroom). Shiitake revealed the highest levels of macronutrients, unless proteins, as also the highest sugars, tocopherols and PUFA levels, and the lowest SFA content. White and brown mushrooms showed similar macronutrients composition, as also similar values of total sugars, MUFA, PUFA and total tocopherols. Oyster and king oyster mushrooms gave the highest MUFA contents with similar contents in PUFA, MUFA and SFA in both samples. They also revealed similar moisture, ash, carbohydrates and energy values. This study contributes to the elaboration of nutritional databases of the most consumed fungi species worldwide, allowing comparison between them. Moreover it was reported that cultivated and the wild samples of the same species have different chemical composition, including sugars, fatty acids and tocopherols profiles

Interaction between cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 receptors in the modulation of subventricular zone and dentate Gyrus neurogenesis

Copyright © 2017 Rodrigues, Ribeiro, Ferreira, Vaz, Sebastião and Xapelli. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain occurs mainly in two neurogenic niches, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG). Cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors (CB1R and CB2R) have been shown to differently modulate neurogenesis. However, low attention has been given to the interaction between CB1R and CB2R in modulating postnatal neurogenesis (proliferation, neuronal differentiation and maturation). We focused on a putative crosstalk between CB1R and CB2R to modulate neurogenesis and cultured SVZ and DG stem/progenitor cells from early postnatal (P1-3) Sprague-Dawley rats. Data showed that the non-selective cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 promotes DG cell proliferation (measured by BrdU staining), an effect blocked by either CB1R or CB2R selective antagonists. Experiments with selective agonists showed that facilitation of DG cell proliferation requires co-activation of both CB1R and CB2R. Cell proliferation in the SVZ was not affected by the non-selective receptor agonist, but it was enhanced by CB1R selective activation. However, either CB1R or CB2R selective antagonists abolished the effect of the CB1R agonist in SVZ cell proliferation. Neuronal differentiation (measured by immunocytochemistry against neuronal markers of different stages and calcium imaging) was facilitated by WIN55,212-2 at both SVZ and DG. This effect was mimicked by either CB1R or CB2R selective agonists and blocked by either CB1R or CB2R selective antagonists, cross-antagonism being evident. In summary, our findings indicate a tight interaction between CB1R and CB2R to modulate neurogenesis in the two major neurogenic niches, thus contributing to further unraveling the mechanisms behind the action of endocannabinoids in the brain.This work was supported by LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007391, project co-funded by FEDER through POR Lisboa 2020 (Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa) from PORTUGAL 2020, and by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT). AS thanks the following supports: PTDC/DTP-FTO/3346/2014 from FCT and H2020 Twinning Action from EU (SynaNet 692340). SX is grateful for the support by the COST action BM1402. RR (IMM/BI/42-2016), FR (SFRH/BD/74662/2010), SV (SFRH/BPD/81627/2011), and SX (SFRH/BPD/76642/2011 and IF/01227/2015) were in receipt of a fellowship from FCT.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A comparative study of tocopherols composition and antioxidant properties of in vivo and in vitro ectomycorrhizal fungi

In aerobic organisms, the free radicals are constantly being produced during the normal cellular metabolism. The antioxidant properties of many organisms and particularly of wild mushrooms with their content in antioxidant compounds such as tocopherols, can detoxify potentially damaging forms of activated oxygen. Herein, a comparative study of tocopherols composition and antioxidant properties of in vivo (fruiting bodies) and in vitro (mycelia) ectomycorrhizal fungi: Paxillus involutus and Pisolithus arhizus. Tocopherols were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a fluorescence detector. The antioxidant properties were studied in terms of DPPH radical-scavenging activity, reducing power and inhibition of β-carotene bleaching. Fruiting bodies revealed the highest antioxidant properties, including scavenging effects on free radicals (EC50 = 0.61 and 0.56 mg/ml) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation capacity (EC50 = 0.40 and 0.24 mg/ml for Paxillus involutus and Pisolithus arhizus, respectively), than mycelia produced in vitro cultures. Nevertheless, mycelia revealed higher levels of total tocopherols than fruiting bodies, and particularly Pisolithus arhizus mycelium proved to be a powerful source of γ-tocopherol (154.39 μg/g dry weight)

Chromatographic analysis of macro and micronutrients in the most widely appreciated cultivated mushrooms

More than 3000 mushrooms are said to be "prime edible species", of which only 100 are cultivated commercially, and only ten of those on an industrial scale. Their global economic value is nevertheless now staggering, and a prime reason for the rise in consumption is the above mentioned combination of their value as a food (equilibrated macro and micronutrient s) [1] as well as their medicinal and nutraceutical values [2,3]. The present work reports and compares the chemical composition and nutritional value of the most consumed species as fresh cultivated mushrooms: Agaricus bisporus (White and Brown mushrooms), Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom), Pleurotus eryngil (King oyster mushroom), Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) and Flammulina velutipes (Golden needle mushroom). Nutritional value was accessed through the composition in macronutrients determined following standard procedures; individual profiles in sugars and fatty acids were obtained by HPLC-RI and GC-F ID, respectively. Micronutrients such as vitamin E were also analysed by HPLC-fluorescence. Shiitake revealed the highest levels of macronutrients, unless proteins, as also the highest sugars, tocopherols and PU FA levels, and the lowest SFA content. White and brown mushrooms showed similar macronutrients composition, as also similar values of total sugars, MUFA, PUFA and total tocopherols. Oyster and king oyster mushrooms gave the highest MUFA contents with similar contents in PUFA, MUFA and SFA in both samples. They also revealed similar moisture, ash, carbohydrates and energy values. This study contributes to the elaboration of nutritional databases of the most consumed fungi species worldwide, allowing comparison between them. Moreover it was concluded that cultivated and the wild samples of the same species have different chemical composition, including sugars, fatty acids and tocopherols profiles

Antioxidant properties and phenolic profile of the most widely appreciated cultivated mushrooms: a comparative study between in vivo and in vitro samples.

The present study reports a comparison of the antioxidant properties and phenolic profile of the most consumed species as fresh cultivated mushrooms and their mycelia produced in vitro: Agaricus bisporus (white and brown), Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster), Pleurotus eryngii (king oyster) and Lentinula edodes (shiitake). The antioxidant activity was evaluated through reducing power (Folin-Ciocalteu and Ferricyanide/Prussian blue assays), free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) and lipid peroxidation inhibition (β-carotene/linoleate and TBARS assays). The analysis of phenolic compounds was performed by HPLC/PAD. The mushroom species with the highest antioxidant potential was Agaricus bispous (brown). However, concerning to the species obtained in vitro, it was Lentinula edodes that demonstrate the highest reducing power. Generally, in vivo samples revealed higher antioxidant properties than their mycelia obtained by in vitro techniques. About the phenolic compounds researched, they were detected both in mushrooms and mycelia without any particular abundance. Results showed that there is no correlation between the studied commercial mushrooms and the corresponding mycelia obtained in vitro. Nevertheless, this study contributes to the rise of data relatively to the species consumed as fresh mushrooms and the possibility of their in vitro production as a source of bioactive compounds

Chemical characterization and bioactivity of the most widely appreciated cultivated mushrooms: studies in fruiting bodies and mycelia

Mushrooms are part of the human diet for thousands of years, and their consumption increased greatly in recent times. One of the main reasons for this increase is the combination of their nutritional value as well as for their medicinal and nutraceutical properties. The present work reports a comparative study of highly consumed fresh cultivated mushroom species worldwide: Agaricus bisporus (white and brown), Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom), Pleurotus eryngii (king oyster mushroom) and Lentinula edodes (shiitake). It was assessed the nutritional value and chemical composition of the mushrooms, and their mycelia were produced by in vitro culture to make a comparative analysis of the antioxidant activity and phenolic profile of fruiting bodies and the corresponding mycelium. L. edodes (shiitake) revealed the highest levels of macronutrients, unless proteins, as also the highest sugars, tocopherols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels, and the lowest saturated fatty acids (SFA) content. Although phenolic compounds and derivatives investigated have been found in both fruiting bodies and mycelia, generally the species in vivo showed a higher antioxidant potential than the mycelium obtained by in vitro culture

Investigation of insulin nucleation kinetics under oscillatory flow mixing

Crystallization can represent a cost-effective and scalable alternative for protein separation and purification. However, it is still not widely implemented in biopharmaceutical industry due to limited understanding of the underlying phenomena. Herein, insulin crystallization was investigated in an oscillatory flow reactor in the presence and absence of acetone. The results show the impact of both supersaturation (i.e., insulin concentration) and acetone on nucleation kinetics and crystal size distribution (CSD). As supersaturation increases, the nucleation rate increases and mean crystal size decreases. In its turn, acetone allows faster nucleation, a narrower CSD and larger mean crystal size. The kinetic parameter A derived from the classical nucleation theory (CNT) also indicate the acceleration of the kinetics of molecular attachment in the presence of acetone. These findings contribute to the better understanding of insulin crystallization mechanism under oscillatory flow mixing.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Analytical methods applied to the chemical characterization and antioxidant properties of three wild edible mushroom species from Northeastern Portugal

The chemical composition and the antioxidant potential of three species of wild mushrooms from Northeastern Portugal, namely Agaricus albertii, Agaricus urinascens var. excellens, and Pleurotus eryngii, were compared. Standard procedures were followed in the nutritional value evaluation, while chromatographic procedures were used to analyze free sugars, fatty acids, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, and organic acids. To assess the antioxidant potential, reducing power, radical-scavenging activity, and lipid peroxidation inhibition were evaluated. P. eryngii revealed the highest levels of macronutrients, except proteins, as also the highest sugars, tocopherols, and monounsaturated fatty acids contents. A. albertii and A. urinascens var. excellens showed similar macronutrients composition. However, A. albertii revealed the highest content in PUFA and phenolic compounds. P. eryngii revealed the highest reducing power and radical-scavenging activity and A. albertii the highest lipid peroxidation inhibition. This study provides a detailed chemical characterization and antioxidant potential evaluation of three species of wild mushrooms from Portugal not yet previously reported. Thus, this work intended to contribute to the increase of information concerning species of edible mushrooms (directed to the scientific community and general population) as well as contribute to the conservation of these resources as sources of compounds of interest.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) and COMPETE/QREN/EU (research project PTDC/AGR-ALI/110062/2009) and to CIMO (strategic project PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011) for financial support. L. Barros also thanks FCT, POPH–QREN, and FSE for her grant (SFRH/BPD/4609/2008)