Tourist and Viral Mobilities Intertwined: Clustering COVID-19-Driven Travel Behaviour of Rural Tourists in South Tyrol, Italy

Travel patterns have dramatically changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism has been both a vector and a victim of the disease. This paper explores the pandemic’s impact on rural tourism, using the theoretical framework of the “mobilities turn” to investigate issues of corporeal and communicative travel found between the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 874 guests visiting the Italian region of South Tyrol, where rural tourism is the norm, identified different patterns of physical travel and approaches to collecting on-site information on COVID-19. Results from a principal component analysis (PCA) and a cluster analysis highlighted at least two different approaches from visitors to the region: the first is more cautious, mostly practiced by domestic tourists, with limited mobility on-site, coupled with a need for information; the second is instead a more adventurous approach, with higher on-site mobility, more use of sustainable forms of transport and less interest in data evidence on COVID-19. Implications for rural tourism and its future are discussed. The hypothesis of an inverse relationship between corporeal and communicative travel needs further exploration in future research

In vitro antioxidant properties of digests of hydrolyzed casein and caseinophosphopeptide preparations in cell models of human intestine and osteoblasts

Three commercial samples consisting of enriched calcium-free caseinophosphopeptides (CPP), enriched calcium-bound caseinophosphopeptides (Ca-CPP) and an enzymatically hydrolyzed casein (hCN) were in vitro digested according to COST-Infogest protocol. As assessed by UPLC-HR-MS/MS, the digests contained 207\u2013235 unique caseinophosphopeptides, and the species presenting the cluster sssEE were more abundant in CPP digest. The antioxidant activity at three different doses of each digest was firstly evaluated on human intestinal Caco-2/HT-29 70/30 co-culture. In presence of AAPH, hCN and CPP digests displayed a dose-dependent antioxidant activity equal or even greater than Vitamin C. In presence of Fe2+, the digests exerted an antioxidant activity mainly at the highest dose. Antioxidant activities of the intestinal metabolized digests was then evaluated on human osteoblast (Saos-2) cells. The digests exerted an antioxidant activity in presence of AAPH, but not in presence of Fe2+. These results highlight milk-derived peptides as potential dietary supplements for gut and bone health

Ricerca delle condizioni di stabilit\ue0 colloidale dei vini: il ruolo delle interazioni tra tannini e polisaccaridi

Le interazioni tra tannini e polisaccaridi producono effetti positivi sulle caratteristiche chimiche e sensoriali dei vini, in particolare nei vini rossi. Tuttavia, le caratteristiche colloidali di macromolecole complesse come tannini e polisaccaridi possono causare stabilit\ue0 o instabilit\ue0, a seconda delle condizioni del mezzo. Al fine di effettuare una stima approfondita di questi effetti colloidali, spesso difficili da prevedere, sono state valutate alcune caratteristiche relative ai tannini e polisaccaridi con tecniche analitiche convenzionali e non. E\u2019 stata inoltre considerata l'influenza dei tannini sulla volatilit\ue0 di alcuni composti aromatici caratteristici dei vini che, nella maggior parte dei casi, ha causato una riduzione della volatilit\ue0, a conferma di quanto riportato in bibliografia. Le valutazioni delle macromolecole endogene ed esogene presenti in forma colloidale possono essere utilizzate per effettuare un utilizzo razionale dei coadiuvanti esogeni e per gestire le varie tecniche di stabilizzazione chimico-fisica e microbiologica dei vini in maniera pi\uf9 appropriata

Ultrasound application in winemaking: grape maceration and yeast lysis

The chemical and mechanical effects of ultrasound (US) are interesting in the food industry and this work attempts to study new applications on grapes as the raw material and then in the vinification process. Phenolic compounds extracted from grapes by means of disruption of the cell wall due to pressure alternance and cavitation were studied. The tests carried out showed an improvement in the extraction of polyphenolic substances, with a reduction in the duration of classic maceration. Also the lytic effect of the US on yeast cell structures, in order to accelerate the process of ageing over lees was evaluated, with the liberation of different fractions in the wine

Study of the ultrasound effects on yeast lees lysis in winemaking

5reservedmixedCacciola V.; Ferran Batllò I.; Ferraretto P.; Vincenzi S.; Celotti ECacciola, V.; Ferran Batllò, I.; Ferraretto, P.; Vincenzi, S.; Celotti, Emili

Plasma membrane-associated glycohydrolases activation by extracellular acidification due to proton exchangers

In this paper, we show that the pH optimum for the plasma membrane (PM)-associated activity of four glycohydrolases (conduritol B epoxide sensitive \u3b2-glucosidase, \u3b2-glucosidase GBA2, \u3b2-hexosaminidase and \u3b2-galactosidase) measured on intact cells is acidic. Moreover, we show that drugs able to modify the efflux of protons across the PM, thus locally affecting the extracellular proton concentration close to the PM, are able to modulate the activities of these enzymes. These data strongly suggest that pH-dependent modulation of PM-associated glycohydrolases activities could be an effective way to locally modulate the cell surface glycoconjugate composition

Bioavailability of whey proteins using a CaCo2/HT29 co-culture model

Whey proteins are prized for their nourishment and their bioactive components. The aim of this study was to identify whey peptides that are transported across the intestinal barrier and are therefore available to provide a health benefit to downstream cells. Commercially available whey proteins (whey protein isolate, \u3b2-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin) and a whey-based sports product were subjected to a static in vitro gastrointestinal digestion using COST INFOGEST method. The intestinal barrier co culture model, CaCo2-HT-29, was exposed to these digesta samples, at physiologically relevant concentrations. After a two hour incubation, apical and basolateral solutions were analysed for peptide content by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionisation-High Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-HR-MS/MS). The peptides were identified using the Proteome Discoverer 1.4 software against the Bos taurus database (UniProt taxon ID 9913). The false discovery rate of peptide identification was set to FDR = 0.01. Novel peptides were identified in the basolateral solutions of cells exposed to different whey sample. In addition, several known bioactive peptides were found to cross the intestinal barrier. In conclusion, gut transit generates bioactive peptides from whey that are bioavailable across the intestinal barrier. Our work provides a proof of concept for combining in vivo and in silico digestion approach for better understanding the activity of digestive enzymes and potential release of bioactive sequence through the digestive tract

Gastrointestinal in vitro digests of infant biscuits formulated with bovine milk proteins positively affect in vitro differentiation of human osteoblast-like cells

Infant biscuits (IBs) are part of complementary feeding from weaning up to the age of five years. They normally contain bovine milk proteins, which can influence bone development. This potential effect was investigated using experimental baked IBs, which were prepared from doughs containing different type of dairy proteins: milk protein concentrate (IB1), whey protein isolate (IB2), and skimmed milk powder (IB3). Dairy protein-free (IB0) and gluten-free (IB4) biscuits were also formulated. The in vitro gastrointestinal digests of IBs (IBDs) were tested on a co-culture of Caco-2/HT-29 70/30 cells as an in vitro model of human small intestine. None of the IBDs influenced cell viability and monolayer integrity, while IBD0 and IBD4 increased Peptide-YY production. The basolateral contents of Transwell plates seeded with Caco-2/HT-29 70/30 co-culture, mimicking metabolized IBDs (MIBDs), were tested on Saos-2 cells, an in vitro model of human osteoblast-like cells. After incubation, MIBD0, lacking dairy proteins, decreased the cell viability, while MIBD2, containing whey protein isolate, increased both the viability and the number of cells. MIBD2 and MIBD4, the latter containing both casein and whey proteins, increased alkaline phosphatase activity, a bone differentiation marker. These results highlight that IBs containing dairy proteins positively affect bone development