Déplacements de populations et identités dans la vallée de Ferghana : les limites du paradigme ethnique

Cet article explore deux périodes-clés de l’histoire contemporaine de l’Asie centrale : dans les années 1950, la politique soviétique de transfert des populations de montagne vers les kolkhozes cotonniers de la vallée de Ferghana et, dans les années 1990, l’exil des réfugiés de la guerre civile tadjike vers le nord du Tadjikistan, l’Ouzbékistan et le Kirghizistan. S’appuyant sur une démarche à la fois historique et sociologique, l’article analyse les conditions d’accueil des populations déplacées dans leurs lieux de destination et propose de déconstruire le concept d’ethnicité, omniprésent dans les sources écrites de ces deux périodes. En effet, une lecture exclusive par le prisme ethnique ne permet pas de percevoir la complexité des allégeances identitaires – nationales, régionales, lignagères, religieuses ou linguistiques. Le concept même d’ethnicité est donc insuffisant pour rendre compte des dynamiques sociales d’une région, où l’identité puise à des sources plurielles, mouvantes et sans cesse renégociées.This article explores two key moments of the contemporary history of Central Asia: in the 1950s, the Soviet politics of forced displacement of mountainous people down to cotton kolkhozes in the Ferghana valley; and in the 1990s, the exile of refugees from the Tajik civil war to Northern Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. From both a historical and sociological perspective, the article analyzes how the displaced population was received in the areas of destination. It sheds light on the concept of ethnicity, in the sense that these migrations were earlier most often analyzed in ethnic terms. This approach does not allow for the apprehension of a complex range of identities based on a nation, a region, a lineage, a religion or a language. The concept of ethnicity seems therefore to limit our understanding of the social dynamics of a region where identity appears to be multiple, changing and constantly renegotiated

Introduction (English)

In collective memory the year 1989 symbolises the end of communism in Europe. However, it was not until 1991 that the Soviet Union disappeared and the five Central Asian republics – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan – became independent states. Yet from early 1989, even before the fall of the Berlin Wall, several early warning events took place in the region: the defeat and withdrawal of the Red Army from Afghanistan after ten years of a war in which a large numb..

L’ethnicisation des mobilisations collectives en Asie centrale depuis 1989

Dès la fin des années quatre-vingt, des organisations ethniques apparaissent en Asie centrale pour donner une forme institutionnelle – représentative ou non – aux minorités nationales et leur permettre ainsi d’entrer en relation avec les autorités. Dans un environnement politique changeant, ces organisations n’ont eu de cesse de défendre les intérêts de leur groupe, notamment par le biais de mobilisations ethno-politiques, c’est-à-dire des actions collectives fondées sur l’identité ethnique du groupe et formulant des revendications d’ordre culturel, social, économique ou politique. En étudiant l’évolution des structures et des discours portés par les minorités ethniques d’Ouzbékistan, du Tadjikistan et du Kirghizstan de la perestroïka aux premières années d’indépendance, cet article a pour objectif de montrer comment les acteurs de la société civile – organisations ethniques et activistes – interviennent comme force de lobby pour mobiliser leur communauté et porter des revendications auprès de leurs États de tutelle. Ces différents exemples permettent d’établir une typologie des activistes ethniques, où se distinguent les générations ex- et post-soviétique. minorités ethniques, action collective, société civile, Ouzbékistan, Tadjikistan, KirghizstanIn the late 1980s Central Asia has experienced the emergence of ethnic organisations that gave an institutional form – either representative or not – to national minorities and enabled them to enter into relation with the authorities. In a changing political environment, these organisations have endeavoured to defend the interests of their group, especially through ethno-political mobilisations, that is, collective actions based on ethnic group identity and framing claims of cultural, social, economic or political dimension. By exploring the evolution of the structure and rhetoric developed by ethnic minorities in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan from the perestroika to the early years of independence, this article shows how the actors of civil society – both ethnic organizations and activists – act as a lobbying power to mobilise their community and address demands to state authorities. These examples provide a typology of ethnic activists with two distinct ex- and post-Soviet generations.В конце восьмидесятых годов, в Центральной Азии появляются этнические организации, которые придают институциональную форму национальным меньшинствам, чтобы позволяло последним вести переговоры с властями. В условиях политического перехода, эти организации стремились защищать интересы своей группы, особенно посредством этнополитических мобилизаций, а именно, коллективных действий, основанных на идентичности этнической группы, выражающих культурные, социальные, экономические или политические требования. В статье рассматривается развитие структур и риторик этнических меньшинств в Узбекистане, Таджикистане и Кыргызской республике с перестройки до начала год независимости, чтобы показать, каким образом общественные деятели (этнические организации и активисты) являются лоббистской силой для мобилизации своей общины и требований к государственным властям. Эти примеры позволяют создать типологию этнических активистов, в которых отличаются два поколения – экс-советские и постсоветские

Du concept de minorité en Asie centrale : l’exemple de la vallée du Ferghana

Cet article offre une lecture de la crise identitaire de la vallée du Ferghana par le prisme de ses minorités. Si les migrations précoloniales ont donné naissance à une riche civilisation ferghanaise, dont le métissage ethnoculturel était symbolisé par sa population autochtone turco-persane, l’arrivée des colons puis l’instauration du régime soviétique ont bouleversé la composition ethnique et démographique du Ferghana. En décidant de créer trois nations soviétiques dans la vallée, Staline a introduit une différence conceptuelle entre ces nations, titulaires d’un territoire et d’une langue propres, et les autres groupes, que les Etats-nations nouvellement souverains réduiront à l’état de minorités. Nous tenterons d’établir une grille de lecture de ces minorités en tenant compte des spécificités historiques, socioculturelles et politiques de la région

Introduction

Si l’année 1989 symbolise, dans la mémoire collective, la fin du communisme en Europe, il faudra attendre 1991 pour que l’Union soviétique disparaisse et que les cinq républiques d’Asie centrale – le Kazakhstan, le Kirghizstan, l’Ouzbékistan, le Tadjikistan et le Turkménistan – entrent dans le concert des nations indépendantes. Pourtant, dès le début de l’année 1989, avant-même la chute du mur de Berlin, la région fut le siège de plusieurs signes avant-coureurs : le retrait de l’Armée rouge d..

Modeling of mixed-solvent electrolyte systems

International audienceModels for mixed-solvent strong electrolytes, using an equation of state (EoS) are reviewed in this work. Through the example of ePPC-SAFT (that includes a Born term and ionic association), the meaning and the effect of each contribution to the solvation energy and the mean ionic activity coefficient are investigated. The importance of the dielectric constant is critically reviewed, with a focus on the use of a salt-concentration dependent function. The parameterization is performed using two adjustable parameters for each ion: a minimum approach distance () and an association energy (). These two parameters are optimized by fitting experimental activity coefficient and liquid density data, for all alkali halide salts simultaneously, in the range 298K to 423K. The model is subsequently tested on a large number of available experimental data, including salting out of Methane/Ethane/CO 2 /H 2 S. In all cases the deviations in bubble pressures were below 20% AADP. Predictions of vapor-liquid equilibrium of mixed solvent electrolyte systems containing methanol, ethanol are also made where deviations in bubble pressures were found to be below 10% (AADP)

Food as commons:Towards a new relationship between the public, the civic and the private

This book was motivated by the need to approach with a fresh look what we regard as perhaps the most embarrassing predicament of the Anthropocene/Capitalocene (Capra and Mattei, 2015, Altvater et al., 2016, Moore, 2017).We live in an era with roughly the same number (about one billion) of over-fed people and of people lacking access to nutritious food (which means that do not know in the morning if they will be able to feed themselves and their children during the day). Our era also stands out by the remarkable amount of food that is wasted in some parts of the world and by the unprecedented number of livestock that populates this planet (Patel and Moore, 2017). Moreover, in the current phase of neoliberal capitalism that dominates in the Anthropocene/Capitalocene, the ecological footprint is out of control; some rich people (the majority in the Global North and the elite in the Global South) can enjoy every day food shipped from thousands of miles away on gas gulping aircrafts and boats that pollute the environment beyond imagination. Such luxury, the result of the worldwide colonization of diets,would be impossible without a very significant environmental subsidy; if all the externalities had to be internalized, eating Nile Perch would be unaffordable to most people everywhere. The subsidy is ultimately paid by the poor in the South and, in general, will certainly be paid by future generations. Unless we deal with and avoid the hidden social and environmental costs that are so far unaccounted for in the hegemonic food system (TEEB, 2018

Introduction:The food commons are coming...

1 Seeing with new eyes Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, only one vision has become hegemonic worldwide. The marginalization of any alternative to the single thought, also known as the end of history (Fukuyama, 1989; IUC, 2009), has quickly generated what is known as neoliberalism, the new form of hybridization between public sovereignty and private corporations that has come to dominate contemporary structures of global governance (Harvey, 2007).This arrangement, with a crucial role for the military industrial complex, has not only produced new forms of world dis- orders. It has also disrupted the fundamental understanding of modernity, that of a neat distinc- tion between a public and a private sector. The new hybrid corporate power, the current form of capital accumulation, now runs the world within a logic of global sovereignty that defeats every form of democratic control. Every single aspect of human life has been attracted within this bio-political machinery so that the very human being is now commodified like every other aspect of nature. The most tangible manifestation of this process is in the domain of two of the fundamental building blocks of human life: water and food. These two essential components of life are now almost entirely transformed into commodities, leading to forms of domination and subordination that are difficult to overestimate. The consequences of the current extractive system are so deep as to produce a new geological era, the so-called Anthropocene (Crutzen, 2006;Purdy, 2015) or Capitalocene (Moore, 2017), which is likely to destroy the very conditions of life and human civilization (Brown, 2008; Capra and Mattei, 2015)

Simbol-X: a formation flight mission with an unprecedented imaging capability in the 0.5-80 keV energy band

The discovery of X-ray emission from cosmic sources in the 1960s has opened a new powerful observing window on the Universe. In fact, the exploration of the X-ray sky during the 70s-90s has established X-ray astronomy as a fundamental field of astrophysics. Today, the emission from astrophysical sources is by large best known at energies below 10 keV. The main reason for this situation is purely technical since grazing incidence reflection has so far been limited to the soft X-ray band. Above 10 keV all the observations have been obtained with collimated detectors or coded mask instruments. To make a leap step forward in Xray astronomy above 10 keV it is necessary to extend the principle of focusing X ray optics to higher energies, up to 80 keV and beyond. To this end, ASI and CNES are presently studying the implementation of a X-ray mission called Simbol-X. Taking advantage of emerging technology in mirror manufacturing and spacecraft formation flying, Simbol-X will push grazing incidence imaging up to 80 keV and beyond, providing a strong improvement both in sensitivity and angular resolution compared to all instruments that have operated so far above 10 keV. This technological breakthrough will open a new highenergy window in astrophysics and cosmology. Here we will address the problematic of the development for such a distributed and deformable instrument. We will focus on the main performances of the telescope, like angular resolution, sensitivity and source localization. We will also describe the specificity of the calibration aspects of the payload distributed over two satellites and therefore in a not "frozen" configuration

Activating mutations and translocations in the guanine exchange factor VAV1 in peripheral T-cell lymphomas.

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas frequently associated with poor prognosis and for which genetic mechanisms of transformation remain incompletely understood. Using RNA sequencing and targeted sequencing, here we identify a recurrent in-frame deletion (VAV1 Δ778-786) generated by a focal deletion-driven alternative splicing mechanism as well as novel VAV1 gene fusions (VAV1-THAP4, VAV1-MYO1F, and VAV1-S100A7) in PTCL. Mechanistically these genetic lesions result in increased activation of VAV1 catalytic-dependent (MAPK, JNK) and non-catalytic-dependent (nuclear factor of activated T cells, NFAT) VAV1 effector pathways. These results support a driver oncogenic role for VAV1 signaling in the pathogenesis of PTCL