Kinetic characterization of digestive proteinases extracted from the processing waste of South Atlantic fish

In Argentina, the fishing industry is highly developed, producing large quantities of waste products from fish processing which contain digestive enzymes with potential biotechnological uses. Among these enzymes are proteinases that hydrolyze proteins and can convert them into functional ingredients. To use these value-added compounds in industrial processes, kinetic characterization of these proteinases under specific conditions, such as contact time, pH, and temperature, must first be carried out. The objective of the present work was to perform a kinetic characterization of crude extracts of alkaline proteinases from intestine-ceca of Merluccius hubbsi, Percophis brasiliensis, Urophycis brasiliensis, and Cynoscion guatucupa. Results showed that the reached maximum values of A440 depended on both the species analyzed and the initial concentration of azocasein. The maximum concentration of hydrolysis products obtained at long times was proportional to the initial concentration of the target protein. P. brasiliensis was the most suitable tested species to obtain high hydrolysis rates at high azocasein concentrations, and exhibited the highest proteinase activities, so it can be considered a candidate species for future biotechnological applications.Fil: Friedman, Ivana Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Gimenez, Analia Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Contreras, Edgardo Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales; Argentin

Effects of starvation and stocking density on the physiology of the male of the southern king crab Lithodes santolla

The southern king crab (SKC)Lithodes santolla is an important commercial species in southern South America. There is a greater need for availability of fresh and live crabs during the season of highest demand in summer (mainly December and January). Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of starvation and stocking densities on the physiological status of male SKC to know whether SKC can be stocked after they are fished. To assess the effects of starvation, crabs were assigned to two experimental groups: the Laboratory group (in which crabs were either fed daily (controls), fed every 15 days, or starved and the Sea group (in which crabs were either fed every 15 days or starved). Starved crabs showed a very slight mass reduction (<5%), glycogen depletion from the midgut gland (when kept at sea), lipid peroxidation reduction in both the muscle and the midgut gland, and micro-structural alterations of the midgut gland. Starved crabs were then analyzed at three stocking density levels: low (35 crabs m−3), medium (69 crabs m−3), and high (115 crabs m−3)for 30 days. In this experiment, we found, at all densities, a decreased weight of the midgut gland, a low condition index, decreased lipase activity, glycogen reduction, increased protein reserves, and lipid peroxidation reduction, and decreased lipid levels at low and medium densities. The muscle showed, at all densities, an increased protein oxidation and a decrease in the RNA:DNA ratio. Our results suggest that SKC can tolerate relatively high stocking densities, have low mortality, and are able to endure 60 days of food deprivation without lowering their flesh yield. This would allow marketing crabs alive off-season.Fil: Sacristán, Hernán Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Di Salvatore, Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Gimenez, Analia Veronica. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Lovrich, Gustavo Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentin

Energy reserves mobilization: Strategies of three decapod species

In food deprivation assays, several different responses have been observed in crustaceans. However, studying energy reserves utilization among more than one species during the same starvation period has not yet been performed, particularly to discern whether the responses are due to intrinsic and/or environmental factors. We hypothesize that decapod species with similar feeding habits have the same strategies in the use of energetic reserves during starvation, even though they inhabit different environments. The aim of this study was to compare the energy reserves mobilization of three decapods species (Cherax quadricarinatus, Palaemon argentinus and Munida gregaria) with similar feeding habits, exposed to similar food deprivation conditions. The crayfish, shrimp and squat-lobster were experimentally kept at continuous feeding or continuous starvation throughout 15 days. Every 3rd day, the midgut gland index (MGI), and the glycogen, lipid and protein contents were measured in the midgut gland (MG) and pleon muscle. Palaemon argentinus mobilized more reserves during starvation, followed by C. quadricarinatus, and the last M. gregaria. The starved shrimps presented low MGI, whereas MG showed a reduction in glycogen (from day 6 to 15), lipid (from day 3 to 15), and protein levels (at day 9 and 15) while in their muscle, lipid reserves decreased at days 3 and 6. In C. quadricarinatus, the most affected parameters in the MG were MGI, glycogen (from day 6 to 15), and lipids (at day 12 and 15). In the MG of M. gregaria only the glycogen was reduced during fasting from 3 to 15 days. Even though the three studied species have similar feeding habitats, we found that their energetic profile utilization is different and it could be explained by the habitat, life span, temperature, organ/tissue, and metabolism of the species. Our results may be useful to understand the several different responses of crustaceans during starvation.Fil: Sacristán, Hernán Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, Yamila Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Pereira, Nair de Los Angeles. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, Laura Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; ArgentinaFil: Lovrich, Gustavo Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Gimenez, Analia Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentin

Effects of sodium metabisulfite on the activity and protease composition of the enzymatic extracts of Argentine red shrimp Pleoticus muelleri

Los mercados a los que se exporta el langostino Pleoticus muelleri exigen un producto sin presencia de melanosis. El preservante utilizado comúnmente en esta especie es el metabisulfito de sodio (MBS). Hasta el momento no se han estudiado los efectos que podría tener sobre las proteasas del langostino. En este trabajo se evaluó el efecto del MBS sobre la actividad y composición proteásica de los extractos enzimáticos de P. muelleri. Se determinó la actividad de proteasas ácidas y alcalinas, así como la composición de enzimas de los extractos enzimáticos de langostinos tratados y sin tratar con MBS. Aquellos extractos tratados con MBS mostraron una reducción significativa de la actividad proteásica (alrededor de 80%), tanto ácida como alcalina. A su vez, las enzimas aspárticas, redujeron su actividad mientras que predominaron las enzimas cisteínicas y serínicas del tipo tripsina. Los extractos enzimáticos de P. muelleri tratados con MBS presentan una reducción de la actividad proteásica y cambios en su composición enzimática, pero aun así constituyen una fuente de enzimas con potencial para ser utilizada con diferentes fines biotecnológicos.The markets to which the Pleoticus muelleri Argentine red shrimp is exported require a product without the presence of melanosis. The preservative used in this species is sodium metabisulfite (MBS). So far, the effects that they could have on Argentine red shrimp proteases have not been studied. In this work, it is proposed to evaluate the effect of MBS on the activity and protease composition of the enzymatic extracts of P. muelleri. The acid and alkaline protease activity was determined, as well as the enzyme composition of the enzymatic extracts of Argentine red shrimps treated and untreated with MBS. Those extracts treated with MBS produced a significant reduction in protease activity (around 80%), both acidic and alkaline. In turn, the aspartic enzymes reduced their activity while the cysteine and serine enzymes of the trypsin type predominated. The enzyme extracts of P. muelleri treated with MBS show a reduction in protease activity and changes in their enzymatic composition, but still constitute a source of enzymes with the potential to be used for different biotechnological purposes.Fil: Liebana, Clara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Gimenez, Analia Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Pereira, Nair de Los Angeles. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentin

Carotenoids in Integument, Muscle, and Midgut Gland of Red Shrimp Pleoticus muelleri Bate, 1888 (Crustacea, Penaeoidea) Fed Carotenoid-Supplemented Diets

Carotenoids stimulate immune systems in animals. Since animals cannot synthesize carotenoids, they must be included in feeds. Oxidative pathways suggested for the metabolism of dietary carotenoids include β-carotene and astaxanthin. The objective of this study was to compare growth, survival, and the carotenoid profile in the integument, muscle, and midgut gland of juvenile red shrimp (Pleoticus muelleri) fed isoproteic formulated feeds containing astaxanthin or β-carotene. Juveniles (5.15±0.941 g) were fed one of four diets containing 50 or 100 mg/kg of the carotenoid. The control group was fed a diet without carotenoid supplementation. A spectroscopy UV/visible method produced no evidence supporting a possible influence of these pigments on growth or survival. However, there were significant statistical differences in carotenoids in the integument (carapace and epidermis) and muscle between animals fed the different diets. The integument had the highest carotenoid concentrations: 14.91±4.064 μg β-carotene, 7.47±1.252 μg free astaxanthin, and 18.31±5.40 μg esterified astaxanthin per gram tissue (avg of five treatments). Only β-carotene (1.74±0.161 μg/g tissue) was stored in the muscle. We conclude that, due to the high cost of artificial pigments, dietary carotenoid supplementation is not necessary for grow-out.Fil: Díaz, Ana Cristina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Marinas; ArgentinaFil: Velurtas, Susana María. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Marinas; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Gimenez, Analia Veronica. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Marinas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Mendiara, Sara Noemí. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Fenucci, Jorge Lino. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ciencias Marinas; Argentin

Exogenous proteases from seafood processing waste as functional additives in rainbow trout aquaculture

Previous studies about enzyme additives for salmonids employed commercial proteases from bacteria, but research obtaining such enzymes from other organisms are scarce. We aimed to increase digestive protease activity in Oncorhynchus mykiss, by analysing potential sources of exogenous proteases generated from different seafood processing waste. To date, there is no information regarding the influences that exogenous enzymes have on the activity and integrity of endogenous enzymes in salmonids. The compatibility and interaction between endogenous and exogenous proteases were evaluated through protein hydrolysis and electrophoresis. We also evaluated the capacity of two types of microcapsules (Alginate–Chitosan and Alginate–Chitosan–Bentonite) to protect the protease activity after being exposed to the gastric environment of trout. The seafood wastes had activities around 0.23–2.53 U/ml at 15°C. Among all the exogenous proteases evaluated, P. granulosa's extract showed the best performance, followed by L. santolla's extract. Such extracts increased the protein hydrolysis to equal or higher levels than the commercial protease and did not alter the integrity of trout proteases. The optimal catalytic function at low temperatures of these extracts might be linked to the habitat of these arthropods. Alginate–Chitosan–Bentonite microcapsules are recommended in preference to Alginate–Chitosan capsules for delivery of enzymes in salmonids because they ensure the activity of exogenous proteases for longer in acid pH (6 vs. 4 h). This research promotes a re-evaluation of seafood processing wastes through the production of a potentially functional additive that may improve trout protein digestion.Fil: Rodriguez, Yamila Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Pereira, Nair de Los Angeles. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Laitano, María V.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Moreno, Pablo. Provincia del Neuquén. Subsecretaría de Producción y Recursos Naturales. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Gimenez, Analia Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentin

Characterization of liquid protein hydrolysates shrimp industry waste: Analysis of antioxidant and microbiological activity, and shelf life of final product

Proteases from shrimp wastes were characterized and protein hydrolysates were obtained. Shrimp protein hydrolysates (SPH) were produced by autolysis (H0) and added 1% (H1) and 2% vol/vol (H2) enzyme extract of shrimp. The hydrolysis degree was determined using a colorimetric method; the capability of hydrolysates to scavenge free radicals was measured with DPPH, and the antimicrobial activity of the SPH was evaluated by the microdilution test. The degree of protein hydrolysis ranged between 43% (H0) and 71.5% (H2) after 90 min, and it functioned as a source of lysine, leucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and glycine. After 10 min of reaction, all hydrolysates reached 50% of scavenging effect. In addition, the SPH prepared with food additives showed acceptable microbiological quality and pH during 40 days at room temperature. This study aims at introducing a low-cost process which produces SPH with commercial applications in the food industry. Practical applications: Currently, shrimp processing wastes represents an environmental and economic problem, since such seafood industry must pay for the landfarming service. This waste treatment is not environmentally efficient, and it affects the value of the final product. However, these wastes have a large number of compounds which hold biological activities of interest that can be used to obtain a high added value product such as protein hydrolysates. This by-product has several potential applications for the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, a protein hydrolysate solution was obtained utilizing processed shrimp waste as an enzymatic resource and a protein substrate as well. This research demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining a good protein source that also holds useful antioxidant properties. It is important to highlight that the by-product was obtained without resorting to freeze-drying technology, which makes the industrial process more expensive. To accomplish that, we included low-cost food preservatives and assessed the shelf life of this product of high nutritional quality.Fil: Pereira, Nair de Los Angeles. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Fangio, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, Yamila Eliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Bonadero, María Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente; ArgentinaFil: Haran, Nora Selma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Gimenez, Analia Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentin

Properties and some new applications of enzymes from wastes of the shrimp Pleoticus muelleri (Decapoda, Penaeoidea)

The shrimp Pleoticus muelleri (Bate, 1888) is an important fishing product from the Southwest Atlantic waters which is frequently captured as a bycatch and discarded. Wastes and by-products of shrimp are an excellent source of protein and enzymes. This review highlights the biochemical and catalytic properties of proteases from shrimp. Previous studies on P. muelleri enzymes have found different activities of alkaline proteases ranging from 0.01 to 0.78 Abs/min/mg of protein. These changeful results might be explained by the great influence that several biological and experimental factors, such as molting and developmental stages, type of diet, and culture conditions, have on the enzyme function. Regarding acid protease, it has been demonstrated that they have activities between 0.3 and 0.4 Abs/min/mg of protein. Processing Argentine red shrimp waste could offer many higher value products without increasing wild catch volumes; therefore, it is essential to conduct further studies that allow the development of more value-added products derived from the practical usage of shrimp processing waste.Fil: Fernandez Gimenez, Analia Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentin

Digestive Physiology of Three Species of Decapoda Crustaceans of Argentina

This review has the available information about the digestive physiology and morphology of three decapod species from Argentina: Pleoticus muelleri, Artemesia longinaris, and Neohelice granulata. The anatomy of the foregut may be modified in closely related species with similar feeding habits; however, the main features of the decapod crustacean digestive tract are similar to other species. Crustaceans express a set of highly active digestive enzymes that hydrolyze the major food items and include proteinases, lipases, esterases, and glucanases. The close relationship between diet and the range of digestive enzymes produced is well documented; however, digestive responses to specific nutrients differ widely among the species. Variations in digestive enzyme expression during early development reflect changes in digestive capabilities and can be used to identify early developmental feeding transitions. This information provides a deeper insight into nutrition, dietary preferences, and strategies of resource utilization, making possible the development of new aquacultural practices and providing data about the ecological niche that species occupy in aquatic systems. There is no doubt that the occurrence and activity of digestive enzymes are influenced by many internal and external factors, such as diet, molting, and development. The research of three Argentine decapod species is discussed in this review and provides a better understanding of basic digestive physiology. This information important to investigations of nutrition and feeding ecology of crustaceans.Fil: Fernandez Gimenez, Analia Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentin

Are Mussels Always the Best Bioindicators? Comparative Study on Biochemical Responses of Three Marine Invertebrate Species to Chronic Port Pollution

Bivalves have traditionally been considered good bioindicators due to their sensitivity to pollution, among other features. This characteristic is shared by several other non-bivalve species as well, though studies in this respect remain scarce. This work aims to compare biomarker sensitivity to chronic port pollution among three intertidal invertebrate species with good bioindicator characteristics. Mussels’ immunological (phenoloxidase and peroxidases) and biotransformation (glutathione-S-transferase) responses were contrasted against those of limpets and barnacles. The three species under study evidenced activity of all the enzymes measured, although with differences. Barnacle Balanus glandula was the most sensitive species showing pollution modulation of the three enzymes, which suggests that mussels would not always be the best bioindicator species among marine invertebrates depending on the responses that are assessed.Fil: Laitano, Marìa Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Gimenez, Analia Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentin