24 research outputs found

    A method for using polyethylene passive samplers to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chemical activity in sediments

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    Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2005.Includes bibliographical references.In order to aid in the determination of the hazards posed by hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in sediment beds, a method for the use of polyethylene (PE) sheets as passive sampling devices for measuring chemical activities was explored. A model which depends on a concentration gradient and two mass transfer limiting zones in series was used. Internal tracer chemicals within the polyethylene devices (PEDs) were used to calibrate the mass transfer model which can have different mass transfer coefficients depending on the site and target chemicals being investigated. The model allowed for the measurement of HOC chemical activities by measuring the change of mass of tracer and target chemical within the PED, and knowing the PE-water partitioning coefficient, ..., and the liquid solubility, ..., of the target chemical. The method was tested using PEDs impregnated with dlO-phenanthrene and dlO-pyrene. First, PEDs were used to measure known concentrations of phenanthrene and fluoranthene in stirred seawaters. Seeing that the PEDs performed well, returning results which were within 25% of the known chemical activities, PEDs were then tested for measuring phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene in Boston Harbor sediments.(cont.) Porewaters of Boston Harbor sediments were extracted as a benchmark against which to assess the performance of three methods for measuring sediment chemical activities: (1) PEDs using impregnated tracers exposed for 52 and 92 days to simulated sediment beds, (2) sediment extractions and an equilibrium partitioning model as recommended by EPA for determining sediment benchmarks, and (3) PE samplers brought to equilibrium with sediment slurries. The results of this study showed that the two methods using PE passive samplers produced measurements which were within a factor of 2 of the porewater extraction results. The equilibrium partitioning model, however, produced results which were at least an order of magnitude different from the measurements of the other methods. Future work on PEDs is needed to develop faster response times and internal standards which will allow for the measurement of a more diverse set of HOCs.by Loretta A. Fernandez.S.M

    Polyethylene passive samplers for measuring hydrophobic organic chemical concentrations in sediment porewaters and their use in predicting bioaccumulation in soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria) from sites near Boston, MA

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    Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references.In order to determine the hazards posed by hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in sediment beds, the following areas of research were explored: (1) the use of polyethylene (PE) sheets as passive sampling devices in sediments, using performance reference compounds (PRCs) in order to reduce deployment times to the order of days, (2) the use of limited PRC data to calibrate mass-transfer models for the exchange of a suite of compounds between polymer strips and sedimentary porous media, and (3) the use of in-situ passive sampling methods to deduce chemical activities of HOCs in sediments and the tissues of soft shelled clams (Mya arenaria) , in order to measure bioaccumulation potential. First, the use of PE passive samplers, in-situ, to measure freely dissolved HOC concentrations, is demonstrated. PRCs, impregnated into the PE before use, allow porewater concentrations to be deduced after exposure times much shorter than would be required for sampler equilibration (days instead of months). Next, the method is expanded for measuring suites of compounds of the same class. A one-dimensional diffusion model of chemical exchange between a polymer sheet of finite thickness and an unmixed sediment bed is employed. Porewater concentrations for seventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are measured using samplers deployed for 3 to 10 days in homogenized sediment from a coal-tar contaminated site. Finally, the samplers are used to determine the potential for HOCs to bioaccumulate in Mya arenaria in sediments from six sites near Boston, MA. PE-deduced porewater PAH concentrations are compared to lipid-normalized tissue PAH concentrations in samples taken from twelve stations distributed throughout the sites. Additionally, tissue concentrations are compared to bulk sediment concentrations and porewater concentrations deduced from equilibrium partitioning models that include sorption to both organic carbon and black carbon fractions. Results show correlations only between PE-deduced porewater concentrations and tissue concentrations, illustrating the usefulness of PE passive samplers for gauging risk to benthic organisms associated with HOC contaminated sediments. Also, porewater concentrations estimated using equilibrium partitioning methods overestimated porewater concentrations by one to three orders of magnitude at all but one site.by Loretta A. Fernandez.Ph.D

    Elevated levels of diesel range organic compounds in groundwater near Marcellus gas operations are derived from surface activities

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    Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2015. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of National Academy of Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of American 112 (2015): 13184-13189, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1511474112 .Hundreds of organic chemicals are utilized during natural gas extraction via high volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF). However, it is unclear if these chemicals, injected into deep shale horizons, reach shallow groundwater aquifers and impact local water quality, either from deep underground injection sites or from the surface or shallow subsurface. Here, we report detectable levels of organic compounds in shallow groundwater samples from private residential wells overlying the Marcellus Shale in northeastern Pennsylvania. Analyses of purgeable and extractable organic compounds from 64 groundwater samples revealed trace levels of volatile organic compounds, well below the Environmental Protection Agency’s maximum contaminant levels, and low levels of both gasoline range (GRO; 0-8 ppb) and diesel range organic compounds (DRO; 0-157 ppb). A compound-specific analysis revealed the presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, which is a disclosed HVHF additive, that was notably absent in a representative geogenic water sample and field blanks. Pairing these analyses with 1) inorganic chemical fingerprinting of deep saline groundwater, 2) characteristic noble gas isotopes, and 3) spatial relationships between active shale gas extraction wells and wells with disclosed environmental health and safety (EHS) violations, we differentiate between a chemical signature associated with naturally occurring saline groundwater and a one associated with alternative anthropogenic routes from the surface (e.g., accidental spills or leaks). The data support a transport mechanism of DRO to groundwater via accidental release of fracturing fluid chemicals derived from the surface rather than subsurface flow of these fluids from the underlying shale formation.The authors thank Duke University’s Pratt School of Engineering and the National Science Foundation’s CBET Grant Number 1336702 and NSF EAGER (EAR-1249255) for financial support.2016-04-1

    Advancing the use of passive sampling in risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments: Results of an international passive sampling inter-laboratory comparison

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    This work presents the results of an international interlaboratory comparison on ex situ passive sampling in sediments. The main objectives were to map the state of the science in passively sampling sediments, identify sources of variability, provide recommendations and practical guidance for standardized passive sampling, and advance the use of passive sampling in regulatory decision making by increasing confidence in the use of the technique. The study was performed by a consortium of 11 laboratories and included experiments with 14 passive sampling formats on 3 sediments for 25 target chemicals (PAHs and PCBs). The resulting overall interlaboratory variability was large (a factor of ∼10), but standardization of methods halved this variability. The remaining variability was primarily due to factors not related to passive sampling itself, i.e., sediment heterogeneity and analytical chemistry. Excluding the latter source of variability, by performing all analyses in one laboratory, showed that passive sampling results can have a high precision and a very low intermethod variability

    Spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant through Europe in the summer of 2020

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    [EN] Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-21,2 has been tracked by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail3,4,5. Although the virus spread globally in early 2020 before borders closed, intercontinental travel has since been greatly reduced. However, travel within Europe resumed in the summer of 2020. Here we report on a SARS-CoV-2 variant, 20E (EU1), that was identified in Spain in early summer 2020 and subsequently spread across Europe. We find no evidence that this variant has increased transmissibility, but instead demonstrate how rising incidence in Spain, resumption of travel, and lack of effective screening and containment may explain the variant’s success. Despite travel restrictions, we estimate that 20E (EU1) was introduced hundreds of times to European countries by summertime travellers, which is likely to have undermined local efforts to minimize infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our results illustrate how a variant can rapidly become dominant even in the absence of a substantial transmission advantage in favourable epidemiological settings. Genomic surveillance is critical for understanding how travel can affect transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and thus for informing future containment strategies as travel resumes.S

    Calculating the Diffusive Flux of Persistent Organic Pollutants between Sediments and the Water Column on the Palos Verdes Shelf Superfund Site Using Polymeric Passive Samplers

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    Passive samplers were deployed to the seafloor at a marine Superfund site on the Palos Verdes Shelf, California, USA, and used to determine water concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the surface sediments and near-bottom water. A model of Fickian diffusion across a thin water boundary layer at the sediment-water interface was used to calculate flux of contaminants due to molecular diffusion. Concentrations at four stations were used to calculate the flux of DDE, DDD, DDMU, and selected PCB congeners from sediments to the water column. Three passive sampling materials were compared: PE strips, POM strips, and SPME fibers. Performance reference compounds (PRCs) were used with PE and POM to correct for incomplete equilibration, and the resulting POP concentrations, determined by each material, agreed within 1 order of magnitude. SPME fibers, without PRC corrections, produced values that were generally much lower (1 to 2 orders of magnitude) than those measured using PE and POM, indicating that SPME may not have been fully equilibrated with waters being sampled. In addition, diffusive fluxes measured using PE strips at stations outside of a pilot remedial sand cap area were similar to those measured at a station inside the capped area: 240 to 260 ng cm<sup>–2</sup> y<sup>–1</sup> for <i>p,p</i>′-DDE. The largest diffusive fluxes of POPs were calculated at station 8C, the site where the highest sediment concentrations have been measured in the past, 1100 ng cm<sup>–2</sup> y<sup>–1</sup> for <i>p,p</i>′-DDE

    Cross validation of two partitioning-based sampling approaches in mesocosms containing PCB contaminated field sediment, biota, and activated carbon amendment

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    The Gold Standard for determining freely dissolved concentrations (<i>C</i><sub>free</sub>) of hydrophobic organic compounds in sediment interstitial water would be in situ deployment combined with equilibrium sampling, which is generally difficult to achieve. In the present study, ex situ equilibrium sampling with multiple thicknesses of silicone and in situ pre-equilibrium sampling with low density polyethylene (LDPE) loaded with performance reference compounds were applied independently to measure polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in mesocosms with (1) New Bedford Harbor sediment (MA, U.S.A.), (2) sediment and biota, and (3) activated carbon amended sediment and biota. The aim was to cross validate the two different sampling approaches. Around 100 PCB congeners were quantified in the two sampling polymers, and the results confirmed the good precision of both methods and were in overall good agreement with recently published LDPE to silicone partition ratios. Further, the methods yielded <i>C</i><sub>free</sub> in good agreement for all three experiments. The average ratio between <i>C</i><sub>free</sub> determined by the two methods was factor 1.4 ± 0.3 (range: 0.6–2.0), and the results thus cross-validated the two sampling approaches. For future investigations, specific aims and requirements in terms of application, data treatment, and data quality requirements should dictate the selection of the most appropriate partitioning-based sampling approach
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