Nitrogen source on performance of feedlot young bulls fed hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse diets

Oitenta e um machos não castrados das raças Nelore (27), Canchim (27) e Holandesa (27), com peso médio inicial de 360kg e idade média de 18 meses, foram utilizados para avaliar os efeitos da substituição de fonte de proteína verdadeira (farelo de soja), por nitrogênio não protéico (NNP), uréia ou amiréia (fonte de nitrogênio não protéico de suposta liberação gradativa) sobre o desempenho de bovinos confinados. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos inteiramente ao acaso com três animais por baia e nove baias por tratamento. Os blocos foram delineados de acordo com o peso inicial e na raça. As rações experimentais continham BTPV (45% MS da dieta) e BIN (5% MS da dieta) como fontes de volumosos e 50% de concentrado. Os tratamentos consistiam de: 1) concentrado contendo farelo de soja (FS); 2) concentrado contendo uréia e 3) concentrado contendo amiréia (A-150S). O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) foi de 8,99; 7,43 e 7,69kg/dia, o ganho de peso diário (GPD) foi de 0,983; 0,368 e 0,404kg/dia e a conversão alimentar (CA) 9,56; 20,14 e 19,54kg MS/kg de ganho para os tratamentos FS, uréia e A-150S, respectivamente. As rações com FS apresentaram proporcionalmente maior (P<0,01) CMS e maior GPD e melhor CA em relação aos tratamentos uréia e A-150S. As rações com uréia e A-150S não diferiram (P>0,05) entre si. A substituição do FS por fontes de NNP reduziu o desempenho de bovino de corte em terminação.Eighty-one young bulls (27 Nellore, 27 Canchim, and 27 Holstein), averaging 18-month-old and weighting 360kg of initial body weight (BW), were used to evaluate the effects of nitrogen sources on feedlot performance. Treatments were assigned in a completely randomized block design using three steers per stall and nine per treatment. Blocks were defined by initial BW and breed. Experimental treatments were: 1) soybean meal, 2) urea, and 3) starea. Diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic composed by 50% concentrate and 50% forage (45% hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse + 5% in natura sugarcane bagasse). Dry matter intakes (DMI) were 8.99, 7.43, and 7.69kg/day, average daily gains (ADG) were 0.983, 0.368, and 0.404kg/day and feed efficiencies were 9.56, 20.14, and 19.54kg DM/kg of gain for soybean meal, urea and starea treatments, respectively for steers fed. Diets with soybean meal showed proportionally higher (P<0.01) DMI, higher average daily gain and better feed efficiency compared to urea and starea diets. No differences (P>0.05) between urea and starea treatments were observed. Replacement of soybean meal by nonprotein nitrogen sources decreased the finishing beef steers performance

Effects of starch sources and processing on nutrient digestibility and ruminal parameters of lactating cows

Cinco vacas holandesas pluríparas, com cânulas no rúmen e no duodeno, foram distribuídas em delineamento de quadrado latino 5 x 5. As vacas foram submetidas a cinco rações experimentais contendo 40% de cana-de-açúcar, 60% de concentrado e cerca de 30% de amido. As rações diferiram quanto ao processamento ou à fonte principal do amido utilizado: milho grosseiramente moído, milho finamente moído, milho floculado a 310g/l, milho floculado a 360g/l ou raspa de mandioca. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no consumo de matéria seca entre os tratamentos. A digestibilidade ruminal do amido foi maior na ração que continha raspa de mandioca. As digestibilidades ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente ácido não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Os dados médios de pH ruminal se mantiveram acima de 6,0, exceto às 2 e às 4h após a alimentação com a dieta que continha raspa de mandioca. Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre a concentração de ácidos graxos voláteis totais. O processo de floculação promoveu aumento da digestibilidade do amido do milho, em relação à moagem de forma grosseira. A digestibilidade ruminal do amido presente na raspa de mandioca foi maior do que a do milho, independentemente da forma de processamento utilizada.Five multiparous lactating Holsteins cows, cannulated in the rumen and proximal duodenum, were used in a 5 x 5 latin square. Cows were fed a 40:60 forage: concentrate diet (40% fresh sugar cane and 60% concentrate). Diets were formulated to have 30% of starch and treatments were starch sources and ration processing forms: cracked corn, finely ground corn, flaked corn at 310g/l, flaked corn at 360g/l, or cassava scrapings. No difference (P>0.05) was observed among treatments for dry matter intake. Starch ruminal digestibility was higher for cassava scrapings treatment. NDF and ADF digestibility were similar among treatments. Average values of ruminal pH were above 6, except at 2 and 4h after feeding the cassava diet. There was no effect of treatment on concentrations of total volatile fatty acids. The flocculation process increased corn starch digestibility. Ruminal degradability of the cassava scrapings starch was higher than corn, without effect of processing form

Effect Of Virtual Therapy On Upper Limb Motor Rehabilitation Of Children With Hemiparesis [efeito Da Terapia Virtual Na Reabilitação Motora Do Membro Superior De Crianças Hemiparéticas]

Objective. This study aimed to investigate the effect of virtual therapy on the motor ability of hemiparetic children's upper limb. Method. The sample consisted of three hemiparetic children (8.66±2.30 years). The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability of Inventory (PEDI) and Motor Activity Inventory (MAL) were used for initial and final assessments and the number of hits in each game was counted as well. For the treatment, a hardware (video game) was used, Nintendo brand, model Wii Sports software, using the games (tennis, baseball, golf, boxing). During a period of two weeks, the therapy lasted for 1 hour and 10 minutes each day, consecutively. Results. There was statistical difference in two children in the PEDI (p=0,00) and in the MAL, related to the quality of the upper limb's use (p=0,00) where as relation to the frequency of use, there was statistical difference in all three children in all four games had a increase. Conclusion. It was concluded that the use of Virtual Reality can promote functional gain for hemiparetic children's upper limb.214556562Costa, M.C.F., Bezerra, P.P., Oliveira, A.P.R., Impacto da hemiparesia na simetria e na transferência de peso: Repercussões no desempenho funcional (2006) Rev Neurocienc, 14, pp. 10-13Ortega, D.S., O Paciente Neurológico/Neurocirúrgico Pediátrico (2007) Fisioterapia Respiratória Em Pediatria E Neonatologia, pp. 176-195. , Sarmento GJV., Barueri: ManoleGomes, F.L., Fraqueza Muscular (2007) Guias De Medicina, pp. 1857-1871. , Lopes AC, José FF, Lopes Rd., Barueri: ManoleMorais, G.F.S., Nascimento, L.R., Glória, A.E., Salmela, L.F.T., Paiva, C.M.R., Lopes, T.A.T., A influência do fortalecimento muscular no desempenho motor do membro superior parético de indivíduos acometidos por Acidente Vascular Encefálico (2008) Acta Fisiatr, 15, pp. 245-248Nascimento, L.R., Glória, A.E., Habib, E.S., Effects of constraint-induced movement therapy as a rehabilitation strategy for the affected upper limb of children with hemiparesis: Systematic review of the literature (2009) Rev Bras Fisioter, 13, pp. 97-102. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000022Gianni, M.A.D.C., Paralisia Cerebral - Aspectos clínicos (2005) Fisioterapia: Aspectos Clínicos E Práticos Da Reabilitação, pp. 13-25. , Moura EW, Silva PAC., 3 ed. São Paulo: Artes MédicasMarinho, A.P.S., Souza, M.A.B., Pimentel, A.M., Desempenho funcional de crianças com paralisia cerebral diparéticas e hemiparéticas (2008) Rev Cien Med Biol, 7, pp. 57-66Carvalho, L.F.A., Affonseca, C.A., Guerra, S.D., Ferreira, A.R., Goulart, E.M.A., Traumatismo Cranioencefálico Grave em Crianças e Adolescentes (2007) Rev Bras Ter Int, 19, pp. 98-106. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-507X2007000100013Junior, A.L., Conduta frente à criança com trauma craniano (2002) J Ped, 78, pp. 40-47Jerônimo, R.A., Lima, S.M.P.F., Tecnologias Computacionais e ambientes virtuais no processo terapêutico de reabilitação (2006) Mundo Saúde, 30, pp. 96-106Kisner, C., Tori, R., Introdução à Realidade Virtual, Realidade misturada e hiperrealidade (2004) Realidade Virtual: Conceitos E Tendências, pp. 3-20. , Kisner C, Tori R, São Paulo: Mania de LivroBroeren, J., (2012) Virtual Rehabilitation: Implications For Persons With Stroke(endereço Na Internet), , http://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/7329/1/PhD_Thesis_Jurgen_Broeren.pdf, Gothenburg, Sweden: Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (GUPEA).(atualizado em 2011assessado em). Disponível emDeuschle, V.P., Cechella, C., O déficit em consciência fonológica e sua relação com a dislexia: Diagnóstico e intervenção (2009) Rev CEFAC, 11, pp. 194-200. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-18462008005000001Silva, M.F.M.C., Kleinhans, A.C.S., Processos cognitivos e plasticidade Cerebral na Síndrome de Down (2006) Rev Bras Ed Esp, 12, pp. 123-138Vasconselos, R.L.D.M., Moura, T.L., Campos, T.F., Lindquist, A.R.R., Guerra, R.O., Avaliação do desempenho funcional de crianças com paralisia cerebral de acordo com os níveis de comprometimento motor (2009) Rev Bras Fisioter, 13, pp. 390-397. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552009005000051Fonseca, J.O., Cordani, L.K., Oliveira, M.C., Aplicação do inventário de avaliação pediátrica de incapacidade (PEDI) com crianças portadoras de paralisia cerebral tetraparesia espástica (2005) Rev Ter Ocup USP, 16, pp. 67-74Carlberg, E.B., Vollestad, N.K., Everyday functioning in Young children with cerebral palsy: Functional skills, caregiver assistance, and modifications of the environment (2003) Dev MedChild Neurol, 45, pp. 603-612Uswatte, G., Taub, E., Implications of the Learned Nonuse Formulation for Measuring Rehabilitation Outcomes: Lessons From Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (2005) Rehabil Psychol, 50, pp. 34-42. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.50.1.34Wolf, S.L., Lecraw, D.E., Barton, L.A., Jann, B.B., Forced use of hemiplegic upper extremities to reverse the effect of learned nonuse among chronic stroke and head-injured patients (1989) Exp Neurol, 104, pp. 125-132. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-4886(89)80005-6Paz, L.P.D.S., (2007) Quantidade E Qualidade Do Uso Da Extremidade Superior Parética Após Acidente Cerebrovascular, , [dissertação]. Campinas: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UnicampJang, S.H., You, S.H., Hallett, M., Cho, Y.W., Park, C.M., Cho, S.H., Cortical Reorganization and Associated Functional Motor Recovery After Virtual Reality in Patients With Chronic Stroke: An Experimenter-Blind Preliminary Study (2005) Arc Phys Med Rehabi, 86, pp. 2218-2223. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2005.04.015Flynn, S., Copar, S., Ghate, N., Harris, M., Palma, P., Bender, A., Effects of Virtual Reality Immersion In Individuals With Central Nervous System Injury, , http://www.temple.edu/ispr/prev_conferences/proceedings/2007/Flynn,%20et%20al.pdf, (endereço na internet). Philadelphia: Temple University. (atualizado em 2012acessado em 2012), Disponível emReid, D.T., The influence of virtual reality on playfulness in children with cerebral palsy: A pilot study (2004) Occup Ther Inte, 11, pp. 131-144. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oti.202Deutsch, J.E., Borbely, M., Filler, J., Huhn, K., Bowlby, P.G., Use of a Low-Cost, Commercially Available Gaming Console (Wii) for Rehabilitation of an Adolescent With Cerebral Palsy Phys Ther2008, 88, pp. 1196-1207. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080062Weiss, P.L., Rand, D., Katz, N., Kizony, R., Video capture virtual reality as a flexible and effective rehabilitation tool (2004) J NeuroEngin Rehabil, 12, pp. 1-12Ferreira, L.R., Silva, A.T., Deamo, R.A.A., (2008) Utilização Da Realidade Virtual Como Recurso Terapêutico: Estudo De Caso, , [dissertação]. Itajubá: Centro Universitario de Itajubá: UniversitasGriffiths, M., The educational benefits of videogames Video games have great positive potential in addition to their entertainment value and there has been considerable success when games are designed to address a specific problem or to teach a certain skill (2002) Edu Health, 20, pp. 47-51You, S.H., Jang, S.H., Kim, Y.H., Cortical reorganization induced by virtual reality therapy in a child with hemiparetic cerebral palsy (2005) Dev Med Child Neurol, 47, pp. 628-635. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01216.

Development of a scale-down approach to the scalable culture of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on microcarriers using single-use Vertical-Wheel™ bioreactors under xeno-free conditions

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) are capable of extensive self-renewal while retaining the ability to differentiate into virtually all cell types of the body. These cells are the subject of much research and development activity aimed at the development of cell-based tools, which may speed drug discovery, and cell-based medical therapies that are being developed to address unmet medical needs. However, development of these therapies is hampered by manufacturing bottlenecks including production scale up to meet the anticipated demand. PBS Biotech, Inc. has developed a single use bioreactor with an innovative Vertical-Wheel™ design that promotes more homogenous and gentle particle suspension, under lower hydrodynamic shear environment than traditional bioreactor vessel design. Vertical-Wheel bioreactors are available from lab-scale vessels (PBS MINI) to larger production units (up to 500L). This study describes the culture of human iPSCs on microcarriers under xeno-free conditions using Vertical-Wheel bioreactors. Human iPSCs were cultured on microcarriers to provide surface for cell attachment using the chemically defined Essential 8 culture medium, a xeno-free, feeder-free culture medium. The culture conditions were optimized in terms of 1) initial cell/microcarrier ratio, 2) inoculation method and 3) agitation rate, in the PBS-0.1 vessel using 80 mL working volume. The cells were successfully expanded, up to a 7-fold increase in cell number, after 6 days in the bioreactor. Glucose consumption and lactate production were analyzed to prevent glucose starvation or excessive lactate accumulation. These optimized culture conditions were successfully repeated in a larger vessel, the PBS-0.5 using 300 mL working volume, demonstrating the scalability of the Vertical-Wheel system. With this PBS-0.5 bioreactor, 3 x 108 cells were produced after 6 days of operation, and the specific growth rate (0.72 day-1) was similar to the one observed with the PBS-0.1 (0.68 day-1). The applications of iPSC cells and their progeny, especially in clinical settings, will require a guarantee of cell quality. After PBS-MINI bioreactor culture, the expression of pluripotency markers, such as Oct4, Nanog, and SSEA4 was assessed by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. The directed differentiation into the neural lineage of the expanded cells was performed and the pluripotency of the cells was further tested after embryoid body formation. The robustness of this process method was evaluated by cultivating another iPSC cell line under the same process conditions, resulting in identical growth kinetics in the PBS MINI-0.1. The methodology developed herein, which grows human iPSC on microcarriers in single-use bioreactors using chemically defined xeno-free cultivation reagents provides a foundation upon which further refinement and scale-up of processes can be built for large scale production of iPSCs

Non-commutative integrable systems on bb-symplectic manifolds

In this paper we study non-commutative integrable systems on $b$-Poisson manifolds. One important source of examples (and motivation) of such systems comes from considering non-commutative systems on manifolds with boundary having the right asymptotics on the boundary. In this paper we describe this and other examples and we prove an action-angle theorem for non-commutative integrable systems on a $b$-symplectic manifold in a neighbourhood of a Liouville torus inside the critical set of the Poisson structure associated to the $b$-symplectic structure

Hadronic τ\tau decay, the renormalization group, analiticity of the polarization operators and QCD parameters

The ALEPH data on hadronic tau-decay is throughly analysed in the framework of QCD. The perturbative calculations are performed in 1-4-loop approximation. The analytical properties of the polarization operators are used in the whole complex q^2 plane. It is shown that the QCD prediction for R_{tau} agrees with the measured value R_{tau} not only for conventional Lambda^{conv}_3 = (618+-29) MeV but as well as for Lambda^{new}_3 = (1666+-7) MeV. The polarization operator calculated using the renormgroup has nonphysical cut [-Lambda^2_3, 0]. If Lambda_3 = Lambda^{conv}_3, the contribution of only physical cut is deficient in the explanation of the ALEPH experiment. If Lambda_3 = Lambda^{new}_3 the contribution of nonphysical cut is very small and only the physical cut explains the ALEPH experiment. The new sum rules which follow only from analytical properties of polarization operators are obtained. Basing on the sum rules obtained, it is shown that there is an essential disagreement between QCD perturbation theory and the tau-lepton hadronic decay experiment at conventional value Lambda_3. In the evolution upwards to larger energies the matching of r(q^2) (Eq.(12)) at the masses J/psi, Upsilon and 2m_t was performed. The obtained value alpha_s(-m^2_z) = 0.141+-0.004 (at Lambda_3 = Lambda^{new}_3) differs essentially from conventional value, but the calculation of the values R(s) = sigma(e+e- -> hadrons)/sigma(e+e- -> mu+mu-), R_l = Gamma(Z -> hadrons)/Gamma(Z -> leptons), alpha_s(-3 GeV^2), alpha_s(-2.5 GeV^2) does not contradict the experiments.Comment: 20 page

Scalable generation of cerebellar neurons from pluripotent stem cells

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have great potential for disease modeling and provide a valuable source for regenerative approaches. However, generating iPSC-derived models to study brain diseases remains a challenge. In particular, our ability to differentiate cerebellar neurons from pluripotent stem cells is still limited. Recently, we described the long-term culture of cerebellar neuroepithelium formed from human iPSCs, recapitulating the early developmental events of the cerebellum. Additionally, an efficient maturation of replated cerebellar progenitors into distinct types of functional cerebellar neurons was also achieved under defined and feeder-free conditions. However, developing a scalable protocol that allows to produce large numbers of organoids and high yields of mature neurons in a 3D bioreactor culture systems is still a difficult challenge. In this work, we present a new approach for the reproducible and scalable generation of mid-hindbrain organoids under chemically defined conditions by using the novel PBS 0.1 (100 mL) Vertical-Wheel single-use bioreactor. In this system, an efficient cell aggregation with shape and size-controlled aggregates can be obtained, which is important for homogeneous and efficient differentiation. Moreover, a larger amount of iPSC-derived aggregates can be generated without being excessively labour-intensive, achieving 431 ± 53.6 aggregates/mL at 24 hours after seeding. After differentiation, distinct types of cerebellar neurons were generated, including Purkinje cells (Calbindin+), Granule cells (BARHL1+ and Pax6+), Golgi cells (Neurogranin+ and GAD65+), Deep cerebellar nuclei projection neurons (TBR1+) and Non-Golgi-type interneurons (Parvalbumin+ and Calbindin-). These cells show signs of efficient maturation, staining positive for MAP2, and are able to change intracellular Ca2+ concentration following KCl stimulation. In this system, human iPSC-derived organoids are able to mature into different mature cerebellar neurons and to survive for up to 3 months, without replating and co-culture with feeder layers

Literature review of mobile learning systems

This paper presents a research about the monotonic and failure behaviours of bolted joints made of thin plates of S350GD and S355MC steels grades, which are used for rack structures. A full factorial test matrix was performed considering two joints configurations (1+1 and 4+4 double shear bolted joints), two material thicknesses (2 and 3mm), three coatings (“black steel”, zinc coating, zinc plus paint) and two preload levels (25%×70%Fu and 70%Fu). Tests were performed under static monotonic loading until failure. Slip tests were also performed according to the EN 1090-2 standard to evaluate joint slip factors for the three material surface conditions. In addition to the experimental tests, numerical simulation of static tests were performed using elastoplastic material behaviour, based on Mises yield theory and isotropic hardening identified with experimental tensile testing data. The models were able to reproduce conveniently the ultimate loads of the joints and failure modes, including clamping and friction effects

Identification of pathogens and virulence profile of Rhodococcus equi and Escherichia coli strains obtained from sand of parks

The identification of pathogens of viral (Rotavirus, Coronavirus), parasitic (Toxocara spp.) and bacterial (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Rhodococcus equi) origin shed in feces, and the virulence profile of R. equi and E. coli isolates were investigated in 200 samples of sand obtained from 40 parks, located in central region of state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, using different diagnostic methods. From 200 samples analyzed, 23 (11.5%) strains of R. equi were isolated. None of the R. equi isolates showed a virulent (vapA gene) or intermediately virulent (vapB gene) profiles. Sixty-three (31.5%) strains of E. coli were identified. The following genes encoding virulence factors were identified in E. coli: eae, bfp, saa, iucD, papGI, sfa and hly. Phylogenetic classification showed that 63 E. coli isolates belonged to groups B1 (52.4%), A (25.4%) and B2 (22.2%). No E. coli serotype O157:H7 was identified. Eggs of Toxocara sp. were found in three parks and genetic material of bovine Coronavirus was identified in one sample of one park. No Salmonella spp. and Rotavirus isolates were identified in the samples of sand. The presence of R. equi, Toxocara sp, bovine Coronavirus and virulent E. coli isolates in the environment of parks indicates that the sanitary conditions of the sand should be improved in order to reduce the risks of fecal transmission of pathogens of zoonotic potential to humans in these places.485492Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP