The Material and Immaterial Urban Remains of a Railway Heritage – the case of Araraquara/SP (Brazil)

The Araraquara Railway Station was built in 1885 as a symbol of prosperity. With the passing time it turned to be something indifferent to the city population, being deactivated in 2015. The railway remains are the result of many spatial and cultural changes; they can be discussed as a material or an immaterial heritage, which reinforces the importance of the railway history. This infrastructure is a part of Araraquara history, its remains should be appreciated, reintegrated and reused as the core to save a memory disregarded over the years.Centro Interdisciplinar de História, Culturas e Sociedades - CIDEHUS - UID/HIS/00057/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007702

The mobility role in the São Paulo hinterland consolidation. The case of Estrada de Ferro Araraquarense (19th-20th centuries)

Este artigo apresenta a importância do caminho-de-ferro na consolidação urbana do Estado de São Paulo (Brasil). A primeira estação ferroviária da Estrada de Ferro Araraquarense foi inaugurada em 1885, sendo o início de um troço ferroviário que fez parte do desenvolvimento do oeste do estado de São Paulo conhecido como Sertão Paulista. O crescimento deste caminho-de -ferro ilustra o papel da mobilidade favorecida por este meio de transporte na organização de toda uma região, logo, a Estrada de Ferro Araraquarense fez parte de uma série de estratégias tendentes a favorecer a expansão territorial do oeste Paulista. Durante a primeira metade do século XX, tanto a nível regional como nacional, o sistema ferroviário foi secundarizado perante o avanço do sistema rod oviário. Apesar do caminho-de-ferro ter sido limitado quase exclusivamente ao transporte de mercadorias, ele manteve uma grande influência na consolidação da região da Araraquarense. O objetivo principal deste artigo é analisar os aspetos acima enunciados numa perspetiva interdisciplinar, que considera as áreas do urbanismo, da economia, da tecnologia e da história.CIDEHUS - Centro Interdisciplinar de História, Culturas e Sociedade

An outline to the railway heritage preservation: Ur- ban Heritage, Inventory and Railways (France and Brazil)

O objetivo deste artigo é relacionar duas diferentes políticas de valorização patrimonial, a aplicada na França e a aplicada no Brasil, e o reflexo das mesmas na preservação do patrimônio ferroviário. Entre as diferentes formas de análise do desenvolvimento do patrimônio ferroviário, existe um percurso vinculado com o desenvolvimento do conceito do patrimônio urbano. A criação de inventários tornou a França o país pioneiro no reconhecimento do legado ferroviário, entretanto, em um momento na história, a sua iniciativa encontrou-se com o desenvolvimento internacional das premissas estipuladas para a valorização do patrimônio urbano e passou a segui- lo paralelamente, como o Brasil fez desde o início da sua política de valorização. A adaptabilidade conceitual do patrimônio urbano mostrou-se fundamental para a compreensão da concepção do patrimônio ferroviário e do destino dado ao mesmo

A (RE)ORGANIZAÇÃO DO ESPAÇO URBANO-REGIONAL DE ARARAQUARA/SP E CAMPINA GRANDE/PB DECORRENTE DA IMPLANTAÇÃO DA FERROVIA (1885-1907)

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar as transformações no espaço urbano-regional de Araraquara/SP e Campina Grande/PB (Brasil), decorrente da implantação da ferrovia em 1885 e 1907, respectivamente. As ferrovias marcaram a ruptura da vida “lenta” ao conferirem novos ritmos nas (e entre as) cidades que receberam os trilhos a partir do século XIX e, por conseguinte, estabeleceram uma nova relação espaço/tempo. No que se refere ao espaço urbano, as transformações estão presentes tanto no espaço intraurbano das cidades como na escala regional, reorganizando a rede urbana. As principais fontes documentais primárias utilizadas foram: relatórios do Ministério da Indústria, Viação e Obras Públicas, Estatística das Estradas de Ferro da União e das Fiscalizadas pela União e documentos encontrados em arquivos municipais e estaduais. Nas considerações finais apontamos as semelhanças e diferenças no espaço urbano-regional de ambas cidades decorrentes da implantação das ferrovias, que se mostrou um importante elemento de reorganização das respectivas redes urbanas

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT IN BRAZIL: INSTRUMENTS AND POSSIBILITIES OF RECONCILIATION

The objective of this study is to discuss the possible solutions for the problem of environment conservation in Brazil. For this purpose, we initially approached the main instruments of environment management, emphasising the main guidelines and the Brazilian environmental policy structure. Next, in a summarised way, are presented, the main aspects of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and two promising agricultural enterprises in Brazil that reconcile economic development and the environment in Brazil.----------------------------------O objetivo deste estudo é discutir as possíveis soluções para o problema de conservação do meio ambiente no Brasil. Para isto, inicialmente abordamos os principais instrumentos de gestão do meio ambiente, enfatizando as principais diretrizes e a estrutura política ambiental brasileira. Na segunda parte, são apresentados, de forma resumida, os principais aspectos do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) e duas atividades agropecuárias promissoras no Brasil que permitem conciliar o desenvolvimento econômico e meio ambiente no Brasil.Economic development, environmental management instruments and clean development mechanisms, Desenvolvimento econômico, meio ambiente, instrumentos de gestão ambiental, mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo, Environmental Economics and Policy,

Reusing railway infraestructures in the spirit of circular theory. A contribution to an operational concept

[EN] This paper aims to be a contribution to establish a position to the reuse of obsolete railway buildings in the field of circular construction. Recent discussions argue that considering that the circular economy is only related to the use of materials or waste is a misconception. The reuse of buildings is also an issue circular architecture. The European Union itself, since 2002, supports the Programme ESPON - European Territorial Cooperation Programme, which incisively inserts obsolete buildings in the "spirit of the circular economy", giving greater attention to industrial areas undergoing change and deindustrialisation. Considering that the concepts of circular construction and circular architecture originated in the circular economy, which emerged as a way to promote and ensure urban sustainability, this article addresses in a first moment the concept of circular construction from the first documents developed in the context of sustainable development to the latest policies proposed by ESPON. It also analyses the reuse of obsolete railway spaces based on the analysis of some emblematic examples of reuse, namely the Musée d'Orsay and the Promenade Plantée in Paris. These two examples represent different types of railway infrastructure and their fate will frame the reuse of railway buildings within the concept of circular construction.We would like to thank Luis Palmero Iglesias and Aurora Martinez-Curral for encouraging us to produce this article.This work is funded by national funds through the Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UIDB/00057/2020, integrated in the Interdisciplinary Centre of History, Cultures and Societies (CIDEHUS- UIDB/00057/2020) of the University of Évora and in the Doctoral Programme HERITAS (Heritage Studies) (Ref. HERITAS_PD_FCT_BD_2019).Cardoso De Matos, A.; Lourencetti, FDL. (2021). Reusing railway infraestructures in the spirit of circular theory. A contribution to an operational concept. VITRUVIO - International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability. 6(1):12-23. https://doi.org/10.4995/vitruvio-ijats.2021.15487OJS122361Askar, A.; Bragança, L. (2019). Economia circular no setor da construção: os edificios como bancos de materiais. Edificios e Energia [WWW document]. URL https://edificioseenergia.pt/noticias/economia-circular-construcao1312/ (accessed 2 April 2020).Atelier Jean Paul Philippon, Projets, Musée d'Orsay, Paris [WWW document]. URL http://www.philippon-architecte.fr/orsay_1.php (accessed 2 April 2020).Braungart, M.; McDonough, W. (2018) Cradle to Cradle. Patterns of Life. England: Vintage Classics, London.Bukowski, H.; Fabrycka, W. (2019). Circular construction in practice. Institute of Innovation and Responsible Development INNOWO under Polish Circular Hotspot, Warsaw [WWW document]. URL https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/en/knowledge/circular-construction-practice (accessed 2 April 2020).Cardoso de Matos, A., Lourencetti, F. de L. (2017). Dos Reusos do Património Ferroviário às Estratégias da sua Integração na Paisagem Urbana. In Actas VII Congreso Conservación del Patrimonio Industrial y de la Obra Pública en España: El Patrimonio Industrial en El Contexto de la Sostenibilidad, p. 256-262.Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment - 1972, [WWW document]. URL http://www.un-documents.net/unchedec.htm (accessed 2 April 2020).ESPON. Policy Brief. 2020. Reuse of spaces and buildings. [WWW document]. Retrieved from https://www.espon.eu/reuse-spaces-andbuildings (accessed 2 April 2020).European Comission. 2019. BAMB Project, H2020 - Buildings as Material Banks: Integrating Materials Passports with Reversible Building Design to Optimise Circular Industrial Value Chains. [WWW document]. Retrieved from https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/642384 (accessed 2 April 2020).European Commission. 2020. Press release, Changing the way we produce and consume: New Action Plan for the Circular Economy shows the way forward to a competitive and climate-neutral economy open to consumers. [WWW document]. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/cyprus/news/20200311_1_en (accessed 2 April 2020).Geddes, P. (1915). Cities in Evolution - An introduction to the town planning movement and to the study of civics. Williams & Norgate, London.Gomes, P. P. V.; Bernardo, A.; Brito, G. (2005) Princípios de sustentabilidade: uma abordagem histórica. XXV Encontro Nac. de Eng. de Produção - Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.Gonzalex Campaña, J. From Promenade Plantée to the New York High Line (2002) [WWW document]. URL https://hixon.yale.edu/research/fellowship/fellows/javier-gonzalez-campana (accessed 2 April 2020).Jacques, T (1986). De la gare au Musée d'Orsay. In: Revue de l'Art, n°74. pp. 5-11; doi: https://doi.org/10.3406/rvart.1986.347588https://doi.org/10.3406/rvart.1986.347588Jenger, J. (2006). Orsay. De la gare au musée. Musée d'Orsay, Paris.Lille Declaration. 2000. Declaration Towards a "European Greenways Network". [WWW document]. Retrieved from https://www.aevv-egwa.org/lille-declaration/ (accessed 18 May 2020).Paio, A. (2021). Arquitetura Circular. O Jornal Económico, [WWW document]. URL https://jornalecnomico.sapo.pt/noticias/arquitetura-circular-686879 (accessed 2 April 2020).Plum, G. (2007), La gare d'Orsay, Musée d'Orsay / Nicolas Chaudun, Paris.Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (1987) [WWW document]. URL https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf (accessed 2 April 2020).Röhm, D. G.; Neto, J. da C. M.; Röhm, S. A. (2013). Gestão dos Resíduos da Construção Civil (RCC) em Canteiros de Obras de Empresas Construtoras da Cidade de São Carlos-SP, Brasil. Revista Engenharia Civil, n. 45, p. 21-36.Simon, G. (2009). L'évolution de l'inventaire du patrimoine ferroviaire immobilier en France, des années 1970 à nos jours. In Situ [WWW document]. 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Pode o estado ser condenado por danos provocado pelo discurso parlamentar?

This article aims to analyze, from the constitutional, theoretical-doctrinal and jurisprudential points of view, the possibility of objectively holding the State accountable for damages caused by means of speeches given by Members of Congress, considering the perspective offered by the theory of democracy and representation. The research concludes that the State is not responsible for damages caused by congressional speeches.Este artigo pretende analisar, sob a perspectiva constitucional, pelos pontos de vista teórico e jurisprudencial, a possibilidade real de o Estado responder por danos causados por discursos proferidos por membros do Congresso Nacional, considerando a perspectiva oferecida pela teoria da democracia e da representação. Conclui-se que o Estado não é responsável por danos causados por discursos parlamentares

The Lisbon and Seville stations: their place within railway station typology and their impact on the organization of urban space

The introduction of railway transportation to the Iberian Peninsula entailed the construction of a series of structures which were essential to its functioning, from the railway lines themselves to water deposits, workshops, and stations. The latter assumed varying degrees of importance, depending on their location along the lines: those which were located in cities, being the starting points of railway lines, were bigger-sized and more important. While some stations were little more than mere halts, very simply built, their urban counterparts in the big cities constituted great public works and are considered, as a group, to be among the most characteristic examples of industrial architecture. In the 19th century, railway stations were the most visible picture of the novel architectonic programmes using cutting-edge technology, regarding materials – iron, steel, and glass – and also lighting, through the use of electricity. This turned them into privileged spaces for applying and demonstrating materials, styles, techniques, functions, and meanings that crucially altered the ‘street aesthetics’, leading to a profound renewal of both the morphological organization of cities and the urban landscape. In this article, we aim to make a comparative study between two stations in Lisbon (Rossio and Santa Apolónia) and another two in Seville (La Plaza de Armas and San Bernardo) to investigate, on the one hand, how they fit into the typology of their respective countries’ railway stations, and on the other, whether they had identical influence on the organization and enlargement of their cities’ urban spaces.Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia (UIDB/00057/2020