From Broad-Spectrum Biocides to Quorum Sensing Disruptors and Mussel Repellents: Antifouling Profile of Alkyl Triphenylphosphonium Salts

30 páginas, 13 figuras, 4 tablas.-- This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited‘Onium’ compounds, including ammonium and phosphonium salts, have been employed as antiseptics and disinfectants. These cationic biocides have been incorporated into multiple materials, principally to avoid bacterial attachment. In this work, we selected 20 alkyl-triphenylphosphonium salts, differing mainly in the length and functionalization of their alkyl chains, in fulfilment of two main objectives: 1) to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the antifouling profile of these molecules with relevant marine fouling organisms; and 2) to shed new light on their potential applications, beyond their classic use as broad-spectrum biocides. In this regard, we demonstrate for the first time that these compounds are also able to act as non-toxic quorum sensing disruptors in two different bacterial models (Chromobacterium violaceum and Vibrio harveyi) as well as repellents in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. In addition, their inhibitory activity on a fouling-relevant enzymatic model (tyrosinase) is characterized. An analysis of the structure-activity relationships of these compounds for antifouling purposes is provided, which may result useful in the design of targeted antifouling solutions with these molecules. Altogether, the findings reported herein provide a different perspective on the biological activities of phosphonium compounds that is particularly focused on, but, as the reader will realize, is not limited to their use as antifouling agentsThis study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (http:// www.mineco.gob.es/), SAF2011-28883-C03-01 (JJF), CTQ2011-28417-C02-01/BQU (VSM), AGL2010- 16464 (JMFB), MAT2013-40852-R (FL); Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (http://www. mecd.gob.es/portada-mecd/), CEI 10/00018 (MN)Peer reviewe

Arduino controlled valvometry equipment for laboratory monitoring

High-Frequency Non-Invasive (HFNI) instruments are currently used in bivalve mollusks in order to use them as bioindicators of the local conditions of the environment. Under the STRAUSS project an Arduino controlled equipment has been developed to log the valve movements activity of clams (Polititapes rhomboides) using Hall-efect sensors. The equipment is able to record at 10Hz the signals of 16 Hall-sensors, to store the records in internal microSD cards and to send the stream of data to a personal computer for storing and plotting them in real-time.Peer Reviewe

Arduino controlled valvometry equipment for mussel raft monitoring

High-Frequency Non-Invasive (HFNI) instruments are currently used in bivalve mollusks in order to use them as bio-indicators of the local conditions of the environment. Under the STRAUSS project an Arduino controlled equipment has been developed to log the valve movements activity of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) using Hall-effect sensors. The equipment is able to record at 10Hz the signals of 27 Hall-sensors, temperature, fluorescence and , to store the records in internal microSD cards and to send the stream of data to in premisses data servers for storing and plotting them.Peer Reviewe

STRAUSS: Cultivo del mejillón en batea en Galicia

Documental.-- Datos técnicos: 5:32 minutos, 1080p (HD), 16:9, color, castellano.-- Ficha técnica: Cristian Bastias Urbieta (Guion, Montaje y Edición, Voz), Adrián Martínez Fernández (Montaje y Edición, Supervisión), Elsa Silva Caride (Grabación y supervisión), Manuel Enrique García Blanco (Grabación), José Manuel Fernández Babarro (Supervisión), Miguel Gil Coto (Supervisión).-- Licencia: This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0; to view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Breve documental del proceso de cultivo de mejillón en Galicia, perteneciente a los talleres escolares desarrollados bajo el marco del proyecto STRAUSSEste vídeo ha sido producido bajo el marco del proyecto STRAUSS Effects of Ocean Waves in the Rías Baixas Upwelling System: surface dynamics on selected biological case studies. (Proyecto PID2019-106008RB-C21 está financiado por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 en la modalidad Proyectos I+D+i «Retos Investigación»N

Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (μM) for the tested compounds on the growth and violacein production of <i>C</i>. <i>violaceum</i> CVO26.

<p>The index on the right column is calculated as the ratio between the IC₅₀ value for growth inhibition (GI) and that for violacein (VI).</p><p>Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (μM) for the tested compounds on the growth and violacein production of <i>C</i>. <i>violaceum</i> CVO26.</p

Dose-response curves for compunds 3 and 16 in mussel (<i>Mytilus galloprovincialis</i>) foot retraction assays.

<p>Dose-response curves for compunds 3 and 16 in mussel (<i>Mytilus galloprovincialis</i>) foot retraction assays.</p

Summary of this study.

<p>The different colors highlight the main bioactivities and the structure-activity relationships of the tested triphenylphosphonium salts.</p

Tyrosinase IC₅₀ values (μM) for the compounds tested in this study.

<p>Tyrosinase IC₅₀ values (μM) for the compounds tested in this study.</p

Growth curves of <i>C</i>. <i>violaceum</i> CVO26 in the presence of compounds 3 (A), 4 (B), 5 (C) and 7 (D).

<p>Serial two-fold dilutions of the compounds from 500 to 7.8 μM were tested. A detailed version of this Fig is provided (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123652#pone.0123652.s002" target="_blank">S2 Fig</a>).</p