Effect of Special Allocation Funds (DAK), Capital Expenditures, and Investment on Economic Growth in the Sulawesi Region

This study aims to analyze the effect of Special Allocation Funds, Capital Expenditures and Investment on Economic growth in the Sulawesi region. The data used are secondary data obtained from Simreg Bappenas and the Central Statistics Agency during 2007-2016. The unit of analysis is 6 provinces in the Sulawesi region. This study uses a panel data regression model with the Random Effect Model (REM) method. The results of this study indicate that, (i) the Special Allocation Fund has a negative and significant effect on economic growth in the Sulawesi region. (ii) Capital expenditure shows a positive and significant influence on economic growth in the Sulawesi region. (iii) Investment shows a positive and significant influence on economic growth in the Sulawesi region.Keywords: Special Allocation Funds, Capital Expenditures, Investment, Economic Growth, Random Effect Model (REM)

Risk Factors and Scoring Systems for Patients with Candidemia at a Tertiary Hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia

Aim: to identify the risk factors of candidemia and to develop a scoring system that could be implemented in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM), Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: this study was a retrospective study with case control design using the medical records of patients since 2011 to 2014. All sepsis patients hospitalized in the RSCM with a positive blood culture for Candida were included in this study as a case group. The control group was all of the sepsis patients without candidemia. The ratio for case and control groups was equal (1:1). Results: from 234 patients who were analyzed, the risk factors that influenced the study were length of stay of 8-14 days (OR 3.464; 95% CI 1.458-7.800), length of stay of more than 14 days (OR 6.844; 95% CI 3.0-15.330), severe sepsis (OR 16.407; 95% CI 1.458-7.800), and surgery (OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.492-6.152). The predictors for candidemia in RSCM were length of stay in hospital for 8-14 days (score 1), a length of stay ≥14 days (score 2), severe sepsis (score 3), and surgery (score 1), with a cut off score of 3.5. Conclusion: the results of this study have indicated that a scoring system in order to guide an empirical treatment for candidemia can be developed by using the risk factors for candidemia from patients who have been identified as patients with risk at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital

HIV Drug Resistance after Failure of 6 Month First-line Therapy in a Hospital: A Case Series

This is the first report of HIV drug resistance in RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. We tested We reviewed eleven new cases of HIV patients who had virologic failure after 6 months first-line antiretroviral therapy. With the sequencing method, analysis of gene mutations encoded HIV drug resistance. Genotypic resistance results and HIV-1 subtype were interpreted by Stanford DR database. Of ten plasma samples that were successfully amplified and sequenced, all samples were resistant to at least one antiretroviral drug. Genotypic resistance towards the antiretroviral drugs being used was observed in lamivudine (90%), tenofovir (83%), nevirapine (100%) dan efavirenz (100%). It is interesting that no zidovudine resistance were found, including in four patients receiving zidovudine in their HAART. The common NRTI mutations were M184VI and K65R, while NNRTI mutations were Y181CFGVY, K103N, A98AG, E138GQ and G190AGS. No mayor PI mutations were found. Based on these findings, we supports the need for appropriate virology monitoring and HIV drug resistance survey in clinical practice and access to drug options in case of virology failure

Analisis Gen Haemagglutinin pada Virus Campak Liar

Penyakit Campak disebabkan oleh virus campak yang termasuk genus Morbilivirus dan Family Paramyxoviridae. Penyakit campak masih menjadi masalah kesehatan karena masih ditemukan Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) di Indonesia. Salah satu penyebab terjadinya KLB tersebut diduga sebagaiakibat perbedaan antigenesitas antara strain vaksin yang digunakan dengan strain virus campak liar yang beredar di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan gambaran tentang karakteristik genetik gen Haemagglutinin virus campak liar yang ada di Indonesia. Spesimen yang digunakan sebanyak 27 isolat virus penyebab KLB dari 17 propinsi selama periode tahun 2003-2010. Isolat virus dilakukan pemeriksaan secara RT-PCR dan sekuensing dengan metode Sanger. Hasil sekuensing dianalisis dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Bioedit 7.0 dan MEGA 4.0. Hasil penelitian didapatkan perbedaan 10 asam amino antara virus campak strain vaksin CAM-70 dan virus campak liar pada posisi D416N; K424T; V451M; N455T; V466I; I473T; F476L; Y481S atau Y481N; H495N; G505D. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah terdapat perbedaan karakteristik genetik antara virus campak liar di Indonesia berbeda dengan strain virus vaksin CAM-70.Kata kunci : Campak, Analisis Molekuler, Hemagglutinin, CD46AbstractMeasles is caused by virus belonging to the genus Morbilivirus and Family Paramyxoviridae. Measles is still a public health problem because outbreak of measles still found in Indonesia. Outbreak is suspected as a result of differences in antigenicity between vaccine strains used with wild-type measles virus strains circulating in Indonesia. This study aims to get genetic characteristics of wild-type measles virus haemagglutinin gene in Indonesia. The specimens were used 27 viral isolates from 17 provinces period 2003-2010. Viral isolates examined by RT-PCR and sequencing with Sanger method. Sequencing analysis were conducted using Bioedit 7.0 and MEGA 4.0 software. The results showed 10 amino acid differences between the vaccine strain measles virus CAM-70 and wild-type measles virus in position D416N; K424T; V451M; N455T; V466I; I473T; F476L; Y481S or Y481N; H495N; G505D. Conclusion: There is a difference between the genetic characteristics of wild-type measles virus in Indonesia and vaccine strain CAM-70.Keywords : Measles, Molecular Analisys, Haemagglutinin, CD4

Uji Saring Antigen dan Antibodi Hepatitis C Virus pada Darah Donor

According to the data from Central Blood Transfusion Unit, the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in blood donors in Indonesia and especially Jakarta in 2012 were 0.39% and 0.36% respectively. Screening of blood donor may reduce the risk of HCV transmission. Aim of this study was to know the sensitivity and specificity of the antigen-antibody serology A local of test compared to Nucleic Acid Test (NAT), should 99.8 % sensitivity and 95% specificity. 135 samples were included, 35 samples NAT HCV positive and 100 samples negative. These samples will be screened by Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA) anti HCV, HCV Ag-Ab by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and if there were differences results of NAT HCV, HCV CMIA and ELISA HCV Ag-Ab, the samples were examined using immunoblot HCV. Of the 135 samples, the Ag-Ab ELISA against 35 HCV RNA positive samples showed positive results also, but at 100 HCV RNA negative samples, the results showed 3 reactive and 97 non reactive. Moreover, the 35 HCV RNA positive samples were tested by anti-HCV CMIA showing the reactive results on 35 samples and in 100 HCV RNA negative samples, the results showed 11 reactive and 89 non reactive. Sensitivity of CMIA and NAT was 100%, specificity 89%. Sensitivity of Ag-Ab ELISA and NAT was 100% and specificity 97%. We concluded that the analysis of HCV by ELISA meets the standard criteria for screening of donor blood but not for CMIA.Keywords : Hepatitis C, Anti-HCV, HCV Ab-Ag, NATAbstrakBerdasarkan data dari Unit Transfusi Darah Pusat, prevalensi hepatitis C virus (HCV) pada darah donor di Indonesia dan Jakarta pada khususnya tahun 2012 adalah 0,39% dan 0,36%. Uji saring darah donor dapat menurunkan risiko tertular HCV. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui sensitivitas dan spesifisitas pemeriksaan serologi antigen-antibodi yang memenuhi standard metoda NAT, sensitivitas 99,8% dan spesifisitas 95%. Pemeriksaan 135 darah donor, terdiri dari 35 positif dan 100 negatif dengan NAT HCV, yang diuji saring anti-HCV dengan CMIA, Ab-Ag HCV dengan ELISA dan bila ada perbedaan hasil antara NAT HCV, CMIA HCV dan ELISA Ag-Ab HCV, maka dilakukan pemeriksaan menggunakan imunoblot HCV. Dari 135 sampel, hasil ELISA Ag-Ab HCV terhadap 35 sampel positif RNA HCV juga menunjukkan hasil positif pada seluruhnya, tetapi pada 100 sampel negatif RNA HCV terdapat 3 sampel reaktif dan 97 non reaktif. Hasil pemeriksaan CMIA anti-HCV pada 35 sampel positif RNA HCV menunjukkan reaktif pada 35 sampel dan pada 100 sampel negatif RNA HCV terdapat 11 reaktif dan 89 non reaktif. Sensitivitas CMIA dengan NAT HCV 100%, spesifisitasnya 89%. Sensitivitas ELISA dengan NAT HCV 100%, spesifisitasnya 97%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah pemeriksaan Antigen-Antibodi HCV ELISA memenuhi kriteria standar untuk digunakan sebagai uji saring darah donor sedangkan pemeriksaan Antibodi HCV CMIA tidak memenuhi kriteria standar sebagai uji saring darah donor.Kata kunci : Hepatitis C, Anti-HCV, Ab-Ag HCV, NA

ISOLATION OF PROTEIN FROM THE SPINE VENOM OF PTEROIS VOLITANS FOUND IN THE INDONESIAN OCEAN, USING A HEATING PROCESS, FOR ANTICANCER, ANTIRETROVIRAL, ANTIBACTERIAL, AND ANTIOXIDANT ASSAYS

Objective: This research investigates the antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, and antiretroviral activities of the lionfish spine poison extract. Methods: Isolation and purification of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) protein obtained from the spine poison were conducted through the following stages, including, extraction of the venom by sonication, heating, and purification using gradual saturation levels of ammonium sulfate. Furthermore, the purity and concentration of PLA2 were analyzed using the Lowry test and Marinetti’s method, respectively, while its protein content was ascertained through SDS-PAGE. Toxicity was then evaluated employing the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT), and its anticancer activity was assessed in human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa cells). Finally, its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiretroviral activities were analyzed using the DPPH method, agar diffusion test against Salmonella sp. and E. coli, and SRV-2 and RT-qPCR tests, respectively. Results: The protein demonstrated 37.79% inhibition for anticancer activity, IC50 1312 ppm for antioxidant activity, 98.81%, and 89.28% inhibition of E. coli and Salmonella sp. respectively for antibacterial activity and 98.13% inhibition for antiretroviral activity. Conclusion: It can be concluded that lionfish (Pterois volitans) has the potential to be developed as an antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiretroviral agent. Furthermore, the pharmacological activity of its spine venom was determined by isolating PLA2 protein from its extract, using an optimum heating temperature of 70 °C and an ammonium sulfate saturation level of 80%

The Role of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Region Mutation and SNP IL-28B of Host to Support Successful Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin Treatment in Patients with HCV-HIV Coinfection: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background: HIV infection in HCV-infected patients accelerates disease progression and reduces the success rate of Peg-IFN/RBV treatment. HCV mutation in NS5A-ISDR/PKR-BD region improved the outcome in HCV monoinfection treated with Peg-IFN/RBV. SNP-IL28B polymorphism is predicted to have an effect on HCV quasispecies evolution. However, the role of NS5A mutation and SNP IL-28B in HIV-HCV coinfection is still unclear. The aim of the study is to determine the role of HCV NS5A-ISDR/PKR-BD mutation and SNP IL-28 polymorphism on the successfulness of Peg-IFN/RBV therapy in HCV-HIV coinfection. Methods: prospective cohort was performed in this study. Plasma sample were obtained from 30 and 8 patients with HCV-HIV coinfection and HCV monoinfection, respectively. PCR nucleotide sequencing was performed after RNA virus extraction and cDNA synthesis. Protein secondary structure and prediction of mutation function were analyzed using PredictProtein (PP) program. Results: sixteen HCV-HIV coinfected patients and none from eight HCV patients achieved sustained virological response (SVR). ≥1 non-neutral mutation was found in 24/30 HCV-HIV coinfection and more frequent in SVR group (14 patients). ≥1 non-neutral mutation were found statistically significant for overall SVR achievement (p<0.05) in all patients regardless of coinfection or monoinfection status. Of the 27 HCV-HIV coinfected patients with CC-gene, 21 subjects had non-neutral mutation. The structure which was expected as NS5A binding site structure was different from consensus (wild type) in SVR group, while the structure was similar to consensus in non-SVR group. Conclusion: having ≥1 non-neutral mutation was associated with SVR achievement in Peg-IFN/RBV therapy, regardless of monoinfection and coinfection status

Development of a SYBR Green real-time PCR-based assay system for detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection is needed for patient therapy and for reducing this bacterial transmission in the population. The culture method is a gold standard method for N. gonorrhoeae detection, however it has low sensitivity. Among molecular methods with high sensitivity and specificity, SYBR Green real-time PCR is the potential method for N. gonorrhoeae detection. In this study, we developed an SYBR Green real-time PCR-based system assay for N. gonorrhoeae detection. Several PCR conditions were optimized and analyzed including primer annealing temperature, DNA template volume, the limit of detection (LoD), cross-reaction with others (bacteria, viruses, fungus, protozoa), and quality assurance. The results showed that the annealing temperature and DNA template volume were 60oC and 5 µL, respectively. The LoD was 29 DNA copies corresponding to 3 bacterial cells per reaction. No cross-reaction was detected for other bacteria, viruses, fungus and protozoa. The external quality assurances enrolled in 2019 and 2021 showed 100% concordance. The preliminary testing for clinical samples was also 100% concordance. In conclusion, the SYBR Green real-time PCR-based system assay developed in this study is promising for application in clinical laboratories