Infrared thermography of swine body surface temperatures and associated rectal temperatures during an acute respiratory disease challenge

An acute Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia challenge was used to study changes in rectal and radiant surface temperatures over 18 h. From 3.5 to 15 h after challenge, rectal temperatures were elevated in challenged pigs compared to nonchallenged controls. From 6 through 18 h after challenge, infrared surface temperature was higher for challenged pigs versus control nonchallenged pigs. Correlation coefficient analysis indicated that surface temperature and rectal temperature were moderately correlated. These results indicate that infrared thermography will detect changes in body surface temperature associated with the acute phase febrile response and has potential as a diagnostic tool for assessing systemic changes in radiant heat production

An evaluation of the role of antibodies to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovar 1 and 15 in the protection provided by sub-unit and live streptomycin-dependent pleuropneumonia vaccines

Objective To evaluate the serological response of pigs receiving either the Porcilis APP vaccine or a modified live vaccine based on a streptomycin-dependent (SD) strain of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and then challenged with an Australian isolate of A pleuropneumoniae of either serovar 1 or 15 as a means of understanding the protection provided by both vaccines against serovar 1 but not against serovar 15. Design The serological tests evaluated were serovar-specific polysaccharide ELISA tests (for serovar 1 and 15), ELISA tests for antibodies to three A pleuropneumoniae toxins (ApxI, ApxII and ApxIII) as well as to a 42 kDa outer membrane protein (OMP), a haemolysin neutralisation (HN) assay and immunoblotting. The tests were used to detect antibodies in vaccinated pigs that had been shown to be protected against serovar 1 but not serovar 15. Results In the polysaccharide antigen ELISA assays, both vaccines resulted in a significant rise in the titre in the serovar 1 ELISA but not the serovar 15 ELISA. The Porcilis APP vaccinated pigs showed a significant response in the ApxI, ApxIII and 42 kDa OMP ELISA. In the ApxII ELISA, all pigs tested (ie the Porcilis APP vaccinates and the controls) were positive on entry to the trial. In the HN assay, the Porcilis APP vaccinated pigs showed a significant response after one dose while the SD vaccinated pigs required two doses of vaccine before a marked rise in titre was induced. Immunoblotting revealed that neither vaccine generated antibodies that recognised the ApxIII produced by serovar 15. Conclusions The failure of these vaccines to provide protection against serovar 15 may be due to novel virulence factors possessed by serovar 15, significant differences between the ApxIII toxin of serovar 15 and those present in the Porcilis APP vaccine and the live vaccine or failure to induce antibodies to the serovar 15 specific polysaccharide

Comparison of the efficacy of a subunit and a live streptomycin-dependent porcine pleuropneumonia vaccine

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of two new-generation porcine pleuropneumonia vaccines when challenged with Australian isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae of serovars 1 and 15. Design: The Porcilis APP vaccine and an experimental streptomycin-dependent strain of A pleuropneumoniae were evaluated in a standardised pen trial. Each vaccine/challenge group consisted of 10 pigs. Results: With the serovar 1 challenge, the Porcilis APP vaccine and the live vaccine, compared with the control group, gave significant protection in terms of clinical signs, lung lesions, re-isolation scores and average daily gain (ADG) postchallenge. Only the Porcilis APP vaccine provided significant protection against mortality. In the serovar 15 challenged pigs, the only significant difference detected was that the Porcilis APP vaccinated pigs had a better postchallenge ADG than the controls. None of the Porcilis APP vaccinated pigs showed signs of depression postvaccination and none were euthanased after challenge with either serovar 1 or 15. The pigs vaccinated with the live vaccine showed obvious depression after each vaccination and a total of 3 pigs were euthanased after challenge (one with serovar 1 and two with serovar 15). Conclusions: Both of the vaccines provided significant protection against a severe challenge with serovar 1 A pleuropneumoniae. Neither vaccine was effective against a serovar 15 A pleuropneumaniae challenge. There was evidence that the Porcilis APP vaccine did provide some protection against the serovar 15 challenge because the ADG, after challenge of pigs given this vaccine, was greater than the control pigs

The Relationship between Generalized and Abdominal Obesity with Diabetic Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: A Multiethnic Asian Study and Meta-Analysis

10.3390/nu10111685Nutrients101

Effect of a respiratory disease challenge on nitrogen retention, IGF-I, organ weight and carcass characteristics in growing pigs

Forty-seven growing pigs (initially 65 ± 2 lb) were used in a metabolism study to determine the effects of a single respiratory disease challenge on nitrogen retention, plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), organ weight, and carcass characteristics. Thirty pigs were challenged with Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia, and 7 pigs were assigned to an ad libitum fed nonchallenged control group. Ten additional nonchallenged pigs were pair-fed the feed intake of a A. pleuropneumonia-challenged counterpart. There were five 4 d collection periods (d 4 to 7, d 8 to 11, d 12 to 15, d 16 to 19, and d 22 to 25), and the A. pleuropneumonia challenge occurred on d 8. Plasma IGF-I concentrations decreased on d 9 in the disease challenged pigs compared to those in both nonchallenge treatments. Nitrogen retention was decreased during the immune challenge period and only partially recovered by the end of the experiment on d 25. Final organ weights and carcass characteristics were similar among treatments. These results suggest that a single acute respiratory disease challenge is accompanied by partial long-term compromises in protein metabolism and lean growth rate

Effects of an acute respiratory disease challenge on growth, thermal radiation, and acute phase protein production in growing pigs

Forty-seven growing pigs (initially 65 ± 2 lb) were used in a metabolism study to determine the effects of a single respiratory disease challenge on growth performance, infrared thermal radiation, and serum acute phase proteins. Thirty pigs were challenged with Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia, and seven pigs were assigned to an ad libitum-fed nonchallenged control group. Ten additional nonchallenged pigs were pair-fed the feed intake of an A. pleuropneumonia-challenged counterpart. There were five 4 d collection periods (d 4 to 7, d 8 to 11, d 12 to 15, d 16 to 19, and d 22 to 25), and the A. pleuropneumonia challenge occurred on d 8. Serum haptoglobin and amyloid A concentrations increased in the disease-challenged pigs compared to pigs in both nonchallenged treatments. Growth performance was decreased during the immune challenge period but partially recovered by the end of the experiment on d 25. Average surface body temperature also decreased briefly in the disease-challenged pigs compared to pigs in both nonchallenged treatments. These results suggest that a single acute respiratory disease challenge is accompanied by long-term compromises in growth performance, but perfonnance partially recovers as the pigs overcome the immunological challenge