Effect of Currency Devaluation on Ethiopia’s Major Export Commodities: The Case of Coffee, Oil Seeds and Hides and Skins

This study analyzes the effect of real effective exchange rate on the Ethiopian major export commodities using annual time series data for the period 1980/81-2015/16. To determine the relation between dependent and the independent variables, both analytical (qualitative) explanations and econometric analysis are used in the study. With the help of cointegration and vector error correction analysis, the impact of real effective exchange rate on major export commodities was assessed in the long-run as well as in the short-run. The study found that the impact of real effective exchange rate on  major export commodities works through the aggregate demand channel in the short-run and the aggregate supply channel in the long-run i.e. decrease/devaluation in the value of the domestic currency promotes exports  only in the short-run. In the long-run, it discourages export. The study also found that the government, through infrastructure development, may play a key role in in increasing exports.  Expansion of road is found to be highly significant than real effective exchange rate in explaining improvement of exports in Ethiopia. Other variables like foreign direct investment with the expected positive sign and real gross domestic product with unexpected negative sign are also found to be statistically significant in explaining export in the long-run. The study shows that the country to be on the right truck to increase export earnings in the long run it is better not to devaluate further the currency and improve the road infrastructure which is the most important tools to increases export performance. Keywords: Real effective Exchange rate, Devaluation, Export, VECM or co integrated VA

Industry and Industrialization in Ethiopia: Policy Dynamics and Spatial Distributions

This study explored the formulation and implementation of industrial policy under the successive regimes of Ethiopia and the sectors inter-regional and intra-regional distribution. To this end, a mixed research approach is pursued in the analysis of the primary and secondary data. The study revealed that, industrial policy formulation in Ethiopia has undergone several changes across the regimes. The industrial policy menu and practice at one time or another consisted of market-oriented development (under the Imperial era and EPRDF regime), public oriented (under Dergue), foreign dominating industrialization (under Imperial Regime), domestic ownership (Under EPRDF), and import Substitution Vs export promotion (under all regimes).  The study indicated that industrial policy formulation and execution in Ethiopia is pragmatic that is not obsessed with a particular development ideology. At national level, under the incumbent regime, the output and the number of establishments increased rapidly though below the expectation of the government. The large and medium manufacturing industries are not equally distributed across regions.  The ‘‘developed regions’’ achieved an increasing share of industrial development while the ‘‘peripheral regions’’ lagged behind. Notwithstanding its dominance in major industrial establishments, the share of Addis Ababa City Administrations is decreasing over years though still serve as industrial hub of the country. There is significant disparities among and within regions in  the number of people engaged in the sector, wages and salaries paid to workers, the fixed assets possessed by the sector and, the sector`s  contribution to national income account and capital expenditure.  This   difference is primarily driven by difference in the productivity of the private sector in each region. Constraints related to accesses to land and finance and competition from informal sector affect each region to a different degree. There are striking differences among urban areas of the same regions.  Cities that are the seat of the regional governments and their surrounding environs serve as centres of industrialization for their own respective region. Key words: Industry, Industrial policy, region, spatial distributio

Effect of Climate Change on Food and Water Borne Diseases Outbreak: A Mini Review

Climate changes include alternations in one or more climate variables including temperature, precipitation, wind, and sunshine. These changes may impact the survival, reproduction, or distribution of disease pathogens and hosts, as well as the availability and means of their transmission environment. The health effects of such impacts tend to reveal as shifts in the geographic and seasonal patterns of human infectious diseases, and as changes in their outbreak frequency and severity. There are many pathways through which climate related factors may impact food safety including: changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, ocean warming and acidification, and changes in the transport pathways of complex contaminants. Temperature increases and changes in rainfall patterns have an impact on the persistence and patterns of occurrence of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi and the patterns of their corresponding foodborne diseases. Extreme weather events such as floods and droughts lead to contamination of soil, agricultural lands, water and food and animal feed with pathogens, chemicals and other hazardous substances, originating from sewage, agriculture and industrial settings. Emergency situations after natural disasters are of special concern for water and food sanitation. Ocean warming and climate change related acidification and changes in ocean salinity and precipitation also affect the biochemical properties of water, along with water microflora. Keywords: Climate change, Disease, Food borne, Outbreak, Water borne DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/88-02 Publication date:July 31st 201

Social accountability in the extractive industries: a review of the Ethiopian experience

Resource rich countries of Africa, except few, have not succeeded in reducing poverty and improving the living conditions of the majority of poor citizens. Lack of a proper social accountability system and practice are among the major factors contributing to the problem. As a result, social accountability has received attention from policy makers, policy researchers and donors. This research, based on desk reviews, tries to discuss the concepts, actors and mechanisms of social accountability and then reflects on the Ethiopian experience in general and on legal regimes for social accountability in the extractive industries in particular. Assessment revealed that the concept of social accountability is pretty new to Ethiopia. Issues and concerns of social accountability constitute important components of human rights. In light of this, the legal regimes for the extractive industry in Ethiopia have provided basic legal and regulatory frameworks for social accountability. Nonetheless, most of the legal and regulatory provisions are not sufficient to fully promote and ensure social accountability. The laws have provided discretionary powers to public agencies to decide on citizens’ rights. Local peoples’ objections to any project to be implemented on their land and territories, or to any proposed displacement by extractive project, or any disagreement with a project owner on the amount of compensation is not binding. This is against the principles of social accountability in the extractive industries. Effective social accountability depends on the proper functioning of the supply and demand sides of social accountability. Provision of legal and regulatory frameworks by government to govern decisions and actions of implementing government agencies and private sector actors is not enough. There should be demand from citizens in general and the local people in particular where projects are implemented.Keywords: Social accountability, extractive industries, Ethiopi

The Effects of Selective Aerobic Exercise on Cardiovascular Fitness on Debre Markos Preparatory School Sedentary Female Students

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on improving cardiovascular fitness of Debre markos preparatory school at Debre Markos town.15 sedentary preparatory school female students were selected as the study subjects and their age range were from 16-18 years. All selected participants were participated in moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 8 consecutive weeks (3 days per week), 60 minutes duration per day.12 minutes run test and step test were used and pre, during and after training test were conducted on cardiovascular fitness variables. The data collected from the study was analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics of central tendency of mean and standard deviation and determined the difference between initial and final mean for participants. According to the analyzed data in 12 minutes run test826.86 meter mean difference was recorded and in step test 28.13 minute per bet mean difference was recorded and also in 12 minutes run test 73.33% of participants located under good performance zone and 26.66% of participants located under marginal zone after training. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that moderate aerobic exercise has positive effect on cardiovascular fitness of sedentary female students. Keywords: Aerobic exercise, improving cardiovascular fitness, sedentary females DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/79-03 Publication date:August 31st 202

A Comparative Study on the Physical Quality (Lower Body Strength and Endurance) of Boys Under -17 Youth Football Development Project and Non- athletes of the Same Age Group: The Case of Debre Markos Town

Professional spends a great deal of time and effort to improve athletic performance. The study was conducted to compare the physical qualities (lower body strength and endurance) of boys under 17 youth football development project participants and non-participants of the same age group at Debre Markos town.The research design was cross-sectional survey. The researcher selected 25 project participants by using stratified sampling and 25 non-athletes by using purposive sampling technique. The result of the test shows that project participants were better than non-participants in all three tests. Five football project participants squat test score found in average must do improve their lower body strength and 12-munits run test score found in marginal zone must do endurance activity. Five football project participants step test score found in above average score must do endurance activity. Keywords:-Strength, endurance, football, physical qualities DOI: 10.7176/JTHS/50-04 Publication date:September 30th 202

Effect of Tef Variety and Rates of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Growth and Yield Components Under Jimma Condition

Tef is a highly valued crop in the national diet of Ethiopians. However, its productivity is constrained by low plant-available soil nitrogen due to depleting soil organic matter content and minimum usage of improved variety in the producer. This problem is compounded by low rates of N fertilizer applications and cultivating of Tef varieties that is not improved in the country. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out with the objectives of studying the effects of rates of nitrogen fertilizer and varieties on growth and yield components of Tef and determining the most optimum Nitrogen fertilizer application rate for Tef production,  determine  the response of Tef varieties to different nitrogen fertilizer application rates and identify high yielding Tef variety .The treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen (0, 46, 69 and 92 kg N ha-1) and two varieties (Jimma local  and Quoncho variety). The experiment was laid out as RCBD in factorial treatment with three replications. Among   the parameters evaluated, five were affected by the main effect of N fertilizer rate (days of panicle emergence, days to maturity, plant height, number of effective tillers and fresh biomass yield). Three parameters (days to panicle emergence and days to maturity are high significantly (p<0.01) affected and fresh biomass yield was significantly (p<0.05) affected by varieties). However, plant height, panicle length and numbers of effective tillers were non-significantly affected by varieties. The only parameters that were significantly affected by the interaction effects of both nitrogen and varieties were Fresh biomass yield. Keywords: Tef Variety; Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate; Growth; Yield Components: Jimm

The Effects of Selective Aerobic Exercise on Cardiovascular Fitness in Debre Markos Preparatory School Sedentary Female Students

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on improving cardiovascular fitness of Debre markos preparatory school at Debre Markos town.15 sedentary preparatory school female students were selected as the study subjects and their age range were from 16-18 years. All selected participants were participated in moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 8 consecutive weeks (3 days per week), 60 minutes duration per day.12 minutes run test and step test were used and pre, during and after training test were conducted on cardiovascular fitness variables. The data collected from the study was analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics of central tendency of mean and standard deviation and determined the difference between initial and final mean for participants. According to the analyzed data in 12 minutes run test826.86 meter mean difference was recorded and in step test 28.13 minute per bet mean difference was recorded and also in 12 minutes run test 73.33% of participants located under good performance zone and 26.66% of participants located under marginal zone after training. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that moderate aerobic exercise has positive effect on cardiovascular fitness of sedentary female students. Keywords: Aerobic exercise, improving cardiovascular fitness, sedentary females DOI: 10.7176/JTHS/50-03 Publication date:September 30th 202

PERBANDINGAN TINGKAT KEBUGARAN JASMANI ANTARA SISWA YANG MENGIKUTI EKSTRAKURIKULER FUTSAL DENGAN EKSTRAKURIKULER BOLA BASKET DI SMP NEGERI 2 CERME GRESIK

Abstrak Di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri 2 Cerme terdapat ekstrakurikuler diantaranya ekstrakurikuler futsal dan bolabasket. Ekstrakurikuler futsal dan bolabasket memiliki banyak persamaan diantaranya dalam peraturan permainan, teknik, serta taktik, juga memiliki kesamaan dalam segi permainan terdiri dari dua team yang sama-sama saling menyerang dan mencetak point, program latihannya juga relatif sama. Dari persamaan permainan dan peraturan main olahraga futsal dan bolabasket maka perlu kiranya untuk mengetahui tingkat kebugaran jasmani siswa yang mengikuti ekstrakurikuler futsal dan ekstrakurikuler bolabasket. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan tingkat kebugaran jasmani antara siswa yang mengikuti ekstrakurikuler futsal dengan ekstrakurikuler bolabasket di SMP Negeri 2 Cerme Gresik dan untuk mengetahui mana yang lebih baik tingkat kebugaran jasmani antara siswa yang mengikuti ekstrakurikuler futsal dengan ekstrakurikuler bolabasket di SMP Negeri 2 Cerme Gresik. Metode yang digunakan untuk penelitian kebugaran jasmani ini adalah dengan desain komparatif. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah TKJI. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data penelitian kebugaran ekstrakurikuler futsal dengan jumlah siswa 20, nilai rata-rata (M) yaitu 17,75 dan nilai minimum 15 dan maximum 19. Sedangkan untuk ekstrakurikuler bolabasket dengan jumlah siswa 20, nilai rata-rata (M) nilai yaitu 16,7 dan nilai minimum 10 dan maximum 22. Dari hasil uji t menunjukkan bahwa nilai signifikan (0,133) lebih besar dari nilai alpha (5%) atau 0,05. Sehingga dengan demikian Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak. Jadi tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan tingkat kebugaran jasmani antara siswa ekstrakurikuler futsal dengan ekstrakurikuler bolabasket. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa siswa ekstrakurikuler futsal memiliki tingkat kebugaran jasmani yang relatif sama dengan siswa ekstrakurikuler bolabasket dengan kategori sedang. Kata Kunci : Kebugaran Jasmani, Ekstrakurikuler. Abstract The first secondary school in the country there are two extracurricular extracurricular Cerme futsal and was. Extracurricular futsal and was has a lot of similarities between the game rules, techniques, and tactics, also have similarities in terms of the game consists of two teams who are both each other and scored a point, training programs are also relatively common. From the equation of game and rules of play futsal sport and it was then necessary to know the student's physical fitness level which followed and was playing futsal extracurricular. For research is to know the difference between physical fitness levels of students who follow the futsal with extracurricular activities extracurricular activities was in junior high Country 2 Cerme Gresik and to find out which is better physical fitness levels among students who attended extracurricular futsal with extracurricular activities was in junior high Country 2 Cerme Gresik. The methods used for physical fitness research is comparative. Research with instrument TKJI. Based on the result analysis of data research fitness extracurricular futsal with 20, the number of students its average value (M), namely 17,75 and value of minimum 15 and maximum 19. Meanwhile, the basketball extracurricular students, with 20 average value of (M), the value of which is 16.7 10 and maximum and minimum value of 22. The result of the test t show that the value of significant ( 0,133 ) is smaller than the value of alpha ( 5 % ) or 0.05. In order that ha accepted and ho rejected. So there was no significant difference between the level of physical fitness among students was playing futsal with extracurricular activities. This shows that students extracurricular futsal has the same physical fitness level with students with moderate categori was extracurricular. Keywords             : Physical Fitness, Extracurricular

Parenting style and first year students’ adjustment at university : mediation via trait emotional intelligence in higher education institutions– a dimensional and typological approach

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the potential mediating effect of TEI on the relationship between parenting style/dimension and first year students’ university adjustment in higher education institutions of Ethiopia. The study sought to test a model where parental responsiveness, parental demandingness and the TEI interactively and individually, relate to adjustment. A total of 464 first year university students from three public universities participated in this study. The results of preliminary analyses pertaining to the predominantly practiced parenting style in the families of Ethiopia revealed that if gender is ignored, the most common parenting style is the neglectful style followed very closely by the authoritative style. However, parenting styles varied as a function of students’ gender. A statistically significant TEI score difference was found among the four parenting style categories. Results also revealed that a statistically significant difference on adjustment mean score was found among the four parenting style categories. The t-test result revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between male and female first year university students with regard to TEI score but there was no a statistically significant difference between male and female first year university students with respect to the adjustment score. The path analysis result also revealed that parental dimensions (responsiveness and demandingness) and TEI had a statistically significant and positive direct effect on adjustment. The multiple regression result showed that TEI, parental responsiveness and parental demandingness interactively explained 31.9 percent of the variance on adjustment. Finally, the mediation analysis results revealed that TEI plays a meditation role, but only partially, in the parental demandingness and adjustment relationship, and in the parental responsiveness and adjustment relationship, which potentially confirms that the adjustment scale can explain the relationship between the demandingness and responsiveness dimension-variables of parenting style and TEI. Based on the results of the present study, some practical, theoretical and methodological implications of the study for designing interventions to maximize students’ adjustment in higher education institutions are addressed. Moreover, recommendations, limitations and future directions are addressed for researchers to take lesson in undertaking this or similar types of research in the future.PsychologyD. Phil. (Psychology