Legal aspects associated with the lack of possibilities of preventing the spread of toxocarosis and toxoplasmosis in Poland

The aim of the study is to examine the impact of changes in Polish law the possibility of interrupting the roads spread toxoplasmosis and toxocarosis. The authors' assumption is to review the changes in Polish legal acts (acts and regulations) made in recent years in the context of combating toxocarosis and toxoplasmosis by the authorities of Polish government administration. An analysis was made of Polish laws regulating the control of zoonotic diseases (toxoplasmosis and toxocarosis), in particular acts which have been amended and changed in the last dozen or so years. The results of the analysis of changes in Polish law, relating to coping with toxocarosis and toxoplasmosis, clearly indicate the lack of legal grounds for effectively combating these diseases. The state public health services do not currently possess the legal means necessary to take effective action leading to the blocking of pathways along which these zoonoses spread. Currently the Polish law does not protect people against the possibility of contagion with toxoplasmosis and toxocarosis. The rights of animals, especially homeless cats, stand above the right of humans to protect themselves against parasites spread in public places by dogs and cats

Adaptacja skali Caring Nurse-Patient Interaction (CNPI-70) do warunków polskich na podstawie badań samooceny kompetencji opiekuńczych studentów kierunku pielęgniarstwo

The aim of the study and the undertaken research is to adapt the CNPI-70tool to Polish conditions and then to use this scale for the evaluation of nursing students competencies.Material and methods. A CNPI -70scale survey was conducted among486nursing students analyzing their self-assessment of caring competencies at various levels of university.Results. The reliability of the scale is very high (Cronbach’s α is O,97), analyzing the70questions of the scale it can be concluded that all, except questions no5 and21,have an average or above average correlation with the result of the overall tool. The analysis also indicates that the removal of a single question from the tool does not affect its overall high reliability.The results of the self-assessment of caring competencies among nursing students show an increase in competence at the successive levels of the university course. The level of competence is also influenced by the experience of part time students.Conclusions. The Polish version of the CNPI-70scale, assessing the caring competence of nurses, takes into account the wide range of professional roles of nurses. Research confirms the high reliability of the scale thus recommending its use in research in nursing and education.  Celem pracy i podjętych badań jest adaptacja narzędzia CNPI-70 do warunków polskich i zastosowanie skali do ewaluacji kompetencji studentów kierunku pielęgniarstwo.Materiał i metoda. Badania skalą CNPI -70 przeprowadzono wśród 486 studentów kierunku pielęgniarstwo analizując samoocenę poczucia kompetencji opiekuńczych na różnym etapie studiówWyniki. Rzetelność skali jest bardzo wysoka (α Cronbacha wynosi O,97) Analizując 70 pytań skali można stwierdzić, że wszystkie – z wyjątkiem pytania 5 i 21 – korelują przeciętnie albo ponad przeciętnie z wynikiem ogólnym narzędzia. Analiza wskazuje również, że usunięcie pojedynczego pytania z narzędzia nie wpłynie na jego ogólną wysoką rzetelność.Wyniki samooceny kompetencji opiekuńczych wśród studentów pielęgniarska wskazują na wzrost kompetencji na poszczególnych etapach studiów. Na poziom kompetencji ma wpływ również doświadczenie zawodowe studentów studiów niestacjonarnych.Wnioski. Polskojęzyczna skala CNPI-70 do badania kompetencji opiekuńczych pielęgniarek uwzględnia szeroki przekrój ról zawodowych pielęgniarki. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły wysoką rzetelność skali rekomendując jej stosowanie w badaniach naukowych w pielęgniarstwie i w edukacji

The adaptation of the Caring Nurse-Patient Interaction scale (CNPI-70) to polish conditions on the basis of nursing students self-assessment of their caring competencies

The aim of the study and the undertaken research is to adapt the CNPI-70tool to Polish conditions and then to use this scale for the evaluation of nursing students competencies. Material and methods. A CNPI -70scale survey was conducted among486nursing students analyzing their self-assessment of caring competencies at various levels of university. Results. The reliability of the scale is very high (Cronbach’s α is O,97), analyzing the70questions of the scale it can be concluded that all, except questions no5 and21,have an average or above average correlation with the result of the overall tool. The analysis also indicates that the removal of a single question from the tool does not affect its overall high reliability. The results of the self-assessment of caring competencies among nursing students show an increase in competence at the successive levels of the university course. The level of competence is also influenced by the experience of part time students. Conclusions. The Polish version of the CNPI-70scale, assessing the caring competence of nurses, takes into account the wide range of professional roles of nurses. Research confirms the high reliability of the scale thus recommending its use in research in nursing and education.    Celem pracy i podjętych badań jest adaptacja narzędzia CNPI-70 do warunków polskich i zastosowanie skali do ewaluacji kompetencji studentów kierunku pielęgniarstwo. Materiał i metoda. Badania skalą CNPI -70 przeprowadzono wśród 486 studentów kierunku pielęgniarstwo analizując samoocenę poczucia kompetencji opiekuńczych na różnym etapie studiów Wyniki. Rzetelność skali jest bardzo wysoka (α Cronbacha wynosi O,97) Analizując 70 pytań skali można stwierdzić, że wszystkie – z wyjątkiem pytania 5 i 21 – korelują przeciętnie albo ponad przeciętnie z wynikiem ogólnym narzędzia. Analiza wskazuje również, że usunięcie pojedynczego pytania z narzędzia nie wpłynie na jego ogólną wysoką rzetelność. Wyniki samooceny kompetencji opiekuńczych wśród studentów pielęgniarska wskazują na wzrost kompetencji na poszczególnych etapach studiów. Na poziom kompetencji ma wpływ również doświadczenie zawodowe studentów studiów niestacjonarnych. Wnioski. Polskojęzyczna skala CNPI-70 do badania kompetencji opiekuńczych pielęgniarek uwzględnia szeroki przekrój ról zawodowych pielęgniarki. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły wysoką rzetelność skali rekomendując jej stosowanie w badaniach naukowych w pielęgniarstwie i w edukacji

Self-reported questionnaires for assessment adherence to treatment in patients with cardiovascular diseases

Introduction: The treatment of acute coronary syndromes, besides coronary interventions, includes pharmaco-therapy and lifestyle changes, which together determine a favourable prognosis. Adherence to treatment is a term describing a patient’s behaviour in respect to the patient’s maintenance of the health care provider’s recommendations. Unfortunately, according to WHO data, adherence to long-term therapies for chronic illnesses in developed countries averages only 50%. Covered areas: Our study focused on available questionnaires for adherence assessment in everyday practice. A comprehensive search of data bases was conducted using appropriate keywords. Out of an initially identified 2081 citations, 93 articles were considered eligible for further analysis. Eventually, nine adherence scales were identified and reviewed. Expert opinion: There is no so-called “gold standard survey” allowing accurate assessment of every patient for medication adherence. The use of a specific scale must be justified by its validation in a similar group of patients in well designed and properly conducted studies

Quality of life and physical activity seniors with hypertension

Introduction: Hypertension is a very common blood disorder common in older people. This disease, as well as many others that often accompany the elderly, affects both the quality of life and to physical activity of seniors. Aim of the work: To assess quality of life and physical fitness of the elderly. Material and methods: The study was conducted among the elderly in Bydgoszcz. The study used standardized questionnaires such as the scale of the ADL, IADL, Barthel, WHO questionnaire QOL- Bref and Legal Data socjodemgraficznych own authorship. Study on variables was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test. Variability presented as the arithmetic mean (M) and standard deviation (SD). The level of significance p ≤ 0.05 considered statistically significant. The research group consisted of 100 people. Results: The quality of life of respondents depends on the length of the years of being infected with hypertension. It has been demonstrated statistical relationships in all areas of the WHO scale QOL- Bref, and the period of being infected with hypertension. With the increase in the period of illness reduce the amount of points earned by the respondents, which lowers the quality of life of respondents in every area of the WHO scale QOL- Bref. The length of the ill influence on the physical activity of the test population as assessed by scales: ADL IADL and Barthel. We observed an inverse proportional with the increase where the period of being infected with the disease reduced the results obtained from the questionnaires, indicating a decrease in patient autonomy. Conclusions: We found a statistically significant relationship between the sense of quality of life and the length of years of being infected with hypertension. This observation has any field scale WHOQOL- Bref. Statistical analysis shows that the longer the period of being infected with hypertension, including physical fitness was significantly lower subjects

Invasive forms of canine endoparasites as a potential threat to public health – A review and own studies

Dogs serve as the vectors of serious zoonotic parasitic diseases. In the month of May 2012 – 2014, 339 dog faeces samples from seven public sites in Chełmno, a town in northern Poland, were collected and examined to determine the gastrointestinal parasite fauna of dogs. Each faecal sample was dissected with a needle, checked for tapeworm segments and examined for parasite eggs and oocysts using the flotation and decantation method and a modified Baermann technique. Differences were observed in the degree of parasite species occurrence. The most dominant were Toxocara canis and Ancylostomatidae. The detected species included: T. canis and Toxascaris leonina eggs (23.4% and 10.2%, respectively), as well as eggs from the Ancylostomatidae family (16.2%), Trichuris vulpis eggs (6.6%), Taenia type eggs (4.6%), Dipylidium caninum (5.2%) and Cystoisospora (Isospora) spp. oocysts (10.9%)

Relation of the Readiness for Hospital Discharge after Myocardial Infarction Scale to socio-demographic and clinical factors. An observational study

Introduction: The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between the Readiness for Hospital Discharge after Myocardial Infarction Scale (RHD MIS) scores and socio-demographic and clinical factors in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated with percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Material and methods: The study was conducted as a single-centre, prospective, cohort, 6-month observa-tion, including 213 patients: 59 women and 154 men aged 30–91 years (average age of 62,91 ± 11.26 years). Results: Patients’ economic status was found to have a significant impact on the readiness for discharge measured by RHD-MIS general score. Among all three investigated RHD-MIS subscales, objective assessment of knowledge was influenced by gender (p = 0.012) and place of residence (p = 0.025). There was a linear trend for increase of knowledge along with increase in education level (p = 0.030). The only factor influencing patients’ expectations was their economic status (p value for heterogeneity: 0.014). A linear correlation between growing of patients’ expectations and worsening of their economic status (p = 0.008) was observed. Conclusion: Readiness to discharge should be routinely assessed in all patients hospitalized with myo-cardial infarction. The result of this assessment should be used to identify patients requiring additional education. Further research is prompted to determine the cut-off values of RHD-MIS results qualifying patients for additional educational interventions

The impact of readiness to discharge from hospital on adherence to treatment in patients after myocardial infarction

Background: The healthcare professionals involved in in-hospital treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) are also responsible to patients for their education before leaving the hospital.   This education aims to modify patient behaviour in order to reduce relevant risk factors and improve self-control and adherence to medications. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between readiness for discharge from hospital and adherence to treatment at follow-up in MI patients. Methods: An observational, single-center, MI cohort study with  6-month follow-up was conducted between May 2015 and July 2016.  The Readiness for Hospital Discharge after Myocardial Infarction Scale (RHD-MIS) and the Adherence in Chronic Diseases Scale (ACDS) were applied. Results: Two hundred and thirteen patients aged 30–91 years (62.91 ± 11.26) were enrolled in the study. The RHD-MIS general score ranged from 29 to 69 points (51.16 ± 9.87).   A high level of readiness was found in 66 patients (31%), intermediate in 92 (43.2%), and low in 55 (25.8%) of patients. Adherence level assessed with the ACDS 6-months after discharge from hospital ranged from 7 to 28 points (23.34 ± 4.06). An increase in objective assessment of patient knowledge according to RHD-MIS subscale resulted in significantly higher level of adherence at the follow-up visit (p = 0.0154); R Spearman = 0.16671, p = 0.015; p for trend = 0.005. During the 6-month follow-up 3 (1.41%) patients died and 17 (7.98%) were hospitalized for a subsequent acute coronary syndrome. Conclusions: This study provided preliminary evidence of a long-term association between the results of assessment of readiness for discharge from hospital and adherence to treatment in patients after MI

Knowledge and learning preferences of patients with myocardial infarction

Introduction. The objective of the research was to study the knowledge about ischaemic heart disease and learning preferences of hospitalised patients as a result of myocardial infarction. Methods. The tested group comprised of 248 patients, aged 63 ± 11.25, who were hospitalised as a result of myocardial infarction A questionnaire with 20 single-choice questions was used in the research. The questionnaire tested the knowledge of the patients as far as ischaemic heart disease, myocardial infarction symptoms, and preventive healthcare are concerned. The patients were divided into groups depending on what knowledge sources on ischaemic heart disease they preferred — brochures, magazines, radio and TV, individual talks, group talks, films, the Internet. Results. The proportion of correct answers was 58.49 ± 19.89%; in the area of the disease knowledge 62.74 ± 31.52%; in the area of the preventive healthcare 57.14 ± 23.38%; and in the area of the disease symptoms 56.94 ± 25.84%. The source of health knowledge selected the most was educational brochures (80.2%), while radio and TV was selected the least (17.6%). The knowledge varied depending on patients’ preferences: so those who selected films — the knowledge of the disease symptoms was higher compared to the others (64.44 ± 26.93% vs. 55.27 ± 25.35%; p = 0.02; those who selected individual talks — the knowledge of the disease symptoms was lower compared to the others (55.33 ± 24.80 vs. 61.68 ± 26.51; p = 0.007); those who selected group talks — the knowledge of the disease symptoms was higher compared to the others (62.30 ± 28.07 vs. 55.16 ± 24.96; p = 0.02). As far the other two areas of knowledge are concerned, there were no significant differences in any group. Conclusions. Educational brochures are the most preferred source of knowledge about ischaemic heart disease by hospitalised patients as a result of myocardial infarction. The knowledge of ischaemic heart disease in patients with myocardial infarction is inadequate and it is not connected with patients’ preferences from the point of view of learning methods.

The readiness for hospital discharge of patients after acute myocardial infarction: a new self-reported questionnaire

Introduction. Medical care providers are responsible for adequate preparation of patients for discharge from the hospital. The purpose of this study was to validate a new self-reported questionnaire assessing the readiness of patients for hospital discharge. Methods. The Readiness for Hospital Discharge after Myocardial Infarction Scale (RHD MIS) was validated in 201 patients, 57 (29%) females and 144 (71%) males (mean age 63.3 ± 11.3), hospitalised due to myocardial infarction. Results. For the considered 23 items the a-Cronbach coefficient was 0.789, indicating a high level of reliability and homogeneity of the questionnaire. The RHD MIS fulfilled the assumption of factor analysis: the determinant of correlation matrix was 0.001, Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (K-M-O) statistic was 0.723, and the Bartlett’ test of sphericity was statistically significant. The analysis of internal consistency of the three areas confirm the rightness of the distinguishing of three subscales. Answers to each item were assigned a score from 0 to 3. The highest total score is 69 points. The total score of the scale and total scores of the subscales have skewed distributions and statistically significant results of Shapiro-Wilk test (p < 0.001). The scoring less than 44 points for the entire questionnaire indicates low readiness, obtaining between 44 and 57 points indicates medium readiness, and scores over 57 points are classified as high readiness for discharge from hospital. Conclusions. The validation procedure revealed that RHD MIS is a reliable and homogeneous tool to measure the readiness of patients for hospital discharge. The set of items divided into three subscales allows subjective and objective evaluation of the patient’s knowledge and expectations. Further investigation is needed to assess the potential impact of RHD MIS scoring on long-term outcome