Empirical Research in Statistics Education

This ICME-13 Topical Survey provides a review of recent research into statistics education, with a focus on empirical research published in established educational journals and on the proceedings of important conferences on statistics education. It identifies and addresses six key research topics, namely: teachers’ knowledge; teachers’ role in statistics education; teacher preparation; students’ knowledge; students’ role in statistics education; and how students learn statistics with the help of technology. For each topic, the survey builds upon existing reviews, complementing them with the latest research

Concordance of molecular serotyping results of pneumococcal control strains.

<p>^armPCR: real-time Multiplex PCR.</p><p>N/A* = serotype not included in the rmPCR panel.</p><p>No ID ^b. = sequence identity of ≤98% with sequences in GenBank.</p><p>Neg^c = negative sequetyping PCR result.</p><p>^dThe Sequetyping assay mistyped serotype 18C as 18B.</p><p>Concordance of molecular serotyping results of pneumococcal control strains.</p

NGS data and assembly metrics.

<p>NGS data and assembly metrics.</p

Similarity of 16F-like capsular polysaccharide (<i>cps</i>) gene loci.

<p>Sequences from pneumococci serotyped as 16F Quellung but sequetyped as 9V was compared to reference 9V (CR931648) and 16F (CR931668) <i>cps</i> sequences. Artemis Comparison Tool (ACT) was used to generate and view gene homology. The top lines represent the forward and reverse strand of a serotype 9v reference, the middle lines represent the queried 16F strain and the bottom lines shows the 16F reference. The portion of the <i>wzh</i> gene that is amplified by the sequetyping assay is shown by the blue rectangle. The clear blocks below the blue box shows regions were the genes that are not similar. BLASTN matches are shown as red bands between sequences, indicating the degree of similarity between the sequences.</p

Serotype distribution of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal isolates.

<p>The figure includes serotypes detected from the Drakenstein Child Health Study, determined by Quellung reaction, excluding duplicate serotypes from the same infant. Blue = serotypes included in PCV13; Red = serotypes not included in PCV13. Green = non-typable isolates.</p

Comparative genome analysis of pneumococcal serotypes 16F and 9V genetic background.

<p>When the sequence identities of all four genomes were compared using RAST(Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology), the genome backbone of all three 16F (103347 and 103385 from this study and a 16F control strain) were mostly identical but divergent from 9V. The colour codes represent how close or divergent the genomes are. Therefore, similar genome backgrounds will have similar colours.</p

Flow chart showing the pneumococcal isolates included in the study.

<p>*Of the 40 isolates that were tested by rmPCR, only 25 were included as part of the rmPCR targets.</p