Political Action II

Structures and determinants of political participation and political ideology. Topics: assessment of current, earlier and future material standard of living; contentment with life; personal problems in daily life and greatest current problem; personal ability to solve problems; organization, government institutions or parties as perceived solution authorities; political interest; perception of over- or underprivileged groups; attitude to the fight against terrorism at the cost of individual freedom, to nuclear energy, social equality, social equal status for the sexes, extension of the government sphere of influence in economy and society, abortion and environmental protection; attitude to change of society; readiness for political activities at local and national level (Almond-Verba activity index); self-assessment on a left-right continuum; left-right understanding; postmaterialism (two index versions); evaluation of government task fulfillment in the areas of care for old people, equal rights, job market policies, instruction, medical care, housing policies, environmental protection, the fight against crime, policies on minorities, balance of social inequality, fighting inflation and provision of energy; classification of the importance of these problems; good and bad sides of the parties; sympathy scale for social groupings, organizations and parties as well as for the political system; attitude to the current government and the political system; attitude to selected political forms of protest; political participation; point in time, goals and initiator of the protest; attitude to government repression against protest measures; party identification; behavior at the polls in the last and voting intent in the coming national election; extent, point in time, goals and initiator of personal political activities; assessment of political effectiveness and feeling of political representation; attitude to youth protest; influence on the government through interests of the powerful; trust in the government; month and year of birth; description of financial and family situation in parental home during personal childhood and youth; social origins; party preference of parents; assessment of personal social class; superior function at work; unemployment and assessment of personal job security; union membership and participation in trade union meetings; memberships. Demography: age; sex; marital status; religiousness; frequency of church attendance; employment; income; household income; household size; respondent is head of household; party preference; voting behavior at the last election; degree of urbanization; Interviewer rating: assessment of ethnic group affiliation; presence of third persons during interview and frequency of intervention in the interview; reliability and willingness of respondent to cooperate; type of building; date of interview; length of interview; interviewer identification; city size. Indices: conventional political participation; protest readiness and protest activities; protest potential; repression potential; typology of political participation and political activity; ideological thinking; left-right understanding; level of ideological conceptionalization; postmaterialism index; political efficiency; political trust; readiness to react to the system; left-right behavior at the polls; left-right party preference; election and party preference for government or opposition party; party identification; expectations of the youth; dimension of party orientation and social orientation; perception of group privileges; education.Strukturen und Determinanten politischer Beteiligung und politischer Ideologie. Themen: Einschätzung des derzeitigen, früheren und zukünftigen materiellen Lebensstandards; Lebenszufriedenheit; eigene Alltagsprobleme und größtes derzeitiges Problem; eigene Fähigkeit zur Problemlösung; Organisationen, staatliche Institutionen oder Parteien als perzipierte Lösungsinstanzen; politisches Interesse; Wahrnehmung über- bzw. unterprivilegierter Gruppen; Einstellung zur Terrorismusbekämpfung auf Kosten der individuellen Freiheit, zur Kernenergie, zur sozialen Gleichheit, zur gesellschaftlichen Gleichstellung der Geschlechter, zur Ausweitung der staatlichen Einflußsphäre in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch und zum Umweltschutz; Einstellung zur Veränderung der Gesellschaft; Bereitschaft zu politischen Aktivitäten auf lokaler und nationaler Ebene (Almond-Verba-Aktivitätsindex); Selbsteinschätzung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; Links-Rechts-Verständnis; Postmaterialismus (zwei Index-Versionen); Bewertung der staatlichen Aufgabenerfüllung in den Bereichen der Altenfürsorge, der Gleichberechtigung, der Arbeitsmarktpolitik, der Ausbildung, der medizinischen Versorgung, der Wohnungspolitik, des Umweltschutzes, der Kriminalitätsbekämpfung, der Minderheitenpolitik, des Ausgleichs sozialer Ungleichheit, der Inflationsbekämpfung und der Energieversorgung; Einstufung der Wichtigkeit dieser Probleme; gute und schlechte Seiten der Parteien; Sympathie-Skalometer für gesellschaftliche Gruppierungen, Organisationen und Parteien sowie für das politische System; Einstellung zur derzeitigen Regierung und zum politischen System; Einstellung zu ausgewählten politischen Protestformen; politische Partizipation; Zeitpunkt, Ziele und Initiator des Protests; Einstellung zu staatlicher Repression gegen Protestmaßnahmen; Parteiidentifikation; Wahlverhalten bei der letzten und Wahlabsicht bei der kommenden nationalen Wahl; Umfang, Zeitpunkt, Ziele und Initiator eigener politischer Aktivitäten; Einschätzung politischer Wirksamkeit und Gefühl der politischen Repräsentiertheit; Einstellung zum Jugendprotest; Beeinflussung der Regierung durch die Interessen der Mächtigen; Vertrauen in die Regierung; Geburtsmonat und Geburtsjahr; Beschreibung der finanziellen und familiären Situation im Elternhaus während der eigenen Kindheit und Jugendzeit; soziale Herkunft; Parteipräferenz der Eltern; Einschätzung der eigenen Schichtzugehörigkeit; Vorgesetztenfunktion am Arbeitsplatz; Arbeitslosigkeit und Einschätzung der eigenen Arbeitsplatzsicherheit; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft und Beteiligung an Gewerkschaftsversammlungen; Mitgliedschaften. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Religiosität; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Berufstätigkeit; Einkommen; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; Befragter ist Haushaltsvorstand; Parteipräferenz; Wahlverhalten bei der letzten Wahl; Urbanisierungsgrad. Interviewerrating: Einschätzung der ethnischen Gruppenzugehörigkeit; Anwesenheit Dritter beim Interview und Häufigkeit der Eingriffe in das Interview; Kooperationsbereitschaft und Zuverlässigkeit des Befragten; Haustyp; Interviewdatum; Interviewdauer; Interviewer-Identifikation; Ortsgröße. Indizes: Konventionelle politische Partizipation; Protestbereitschaft und Protestaktivitäten; Protestpotential; Repressionspotential; Typologie politischer Partizipation und politischer Aktivität; ideologisches Denken; Links-Rechts-Verständnis; Niveau der ideologischen Konzeptionalisierung; Postmaterialismus-Index; politische Effizienz; politisches Vertrauen; Systemreaktionsbereitschaft; Links-Rechts-Wahlverhalten; Links-Rechts-Parteipräferenz; Wahl und Parteipräferenz für Regierungs- oder Oppositionspartei; Parteiidentifikation; Erwartungen an die Jugend; Dimension der Parteiorientierung und der gesellschaftlichen Orientierung; Wahrnehmung von Gruppenprivilegien; Bildung

The Political Action Panel Study

Follow-up survey of a study from the early 70´s on structures and determinants of political ideology in three industrial countries. Topics: assessment of current, earlier and future material standard of living; contentment with life; personal problems in daily life and greatest current problem; personal ability to solve problems; organization, government institutions or parties as perceived solution authorities; political interest; perception of over- or underprivileged groups; attitude to the fight against terrorism at the cost of individual freedom, to nuclear energy, social equality, social equal status for the sexes, extension of the government sphere of influence in economy and society, abortion and environmental protection; attitude to change of society; readiness for political activities at local and national level (Almond-Verba activity index); self-assessment on a left-right continuum; left-right understanding; postmaterialism (two index versions); evaluation of government task fulfillment in the areas of care for old people, equal rights, job market policies, instruction, medical care, housing policies, environmental protection, the fight against crime, policies on minorities, balance of social inequality, fighting inflation and provision of energy; classification of the importance of these problems; good and bad sides of the parties; sympathy scale for social groupings, organizations and parties as well as for the political system; attitude to the current government and the political system; attitude to selected political forms of protest; political participation; point in time, goals and initiator of the protest; attitude to government repression against protest measures; party identification; behavior at the polls in the last and voting intent in the coming national election; extent, point in time, goals and initiator of personal political activities; assessment of political effectiveness and feeling of political representation; attitude to youth protest; influence on the government through interests of the powerful; trust in the government; month and year of birth; description of financial and family situation in parental home during personal childhood and youth; social origins; party preference of parents; assessment of personal social class; superior function at work; unemployment and assessment of personal job security; union membership and participation in trade union meetings; memberships. Demography: age; sex; marital status; religiousness; frequency of church attendance; employment; income; household income; household size; respondent is head of household; party preference; voting behavior at the last election; degree of urbanization; Interviewer rating: assessment of ethnic group affiliation; presence of third persons during interview and frequency of intervention in the interview; willingness and reliability of respondent; building type; date of interview; length of interview; interviewer identification; city size. Indices: conventional political participation; protest readiness and protest activities; protest potential; repression potential; typology of political participation and political activity; ideological thinking; left-right understanding; level of ideological conceptionalization; postmaterialism index; political efficiency; political trust; readiness to react to the system; left-right behavior at the polls; left-right party preference; election and party preference for government or opposition party; party identification; expectations of the youth; dimension of party orientation and social orientation; perception of group privileges; education.Wiederholungsbefragung einer Studie aus den frühen 70er Jahren zu Strukturen und Determinanten politischer Ideologie in drei Industrieländern. Themen: Einschätzung des derzeitigen, früheren und zukünftigen materiellen Lebensstandards; Lebenszufriedenheit; eigene Alltagsprobleme und größtes derzeitiges Problem; eigene Fähigkeit zur Problemlösung; Organisationen, staatliche Institutionen oder Parteien als perzipierte Lösungsinstanzen; politisches Interesse; Wahrnehmung über- bzw. unterprivilegierter Gruppen; Einstellung zur Terrorismusbekämpfung auf Kosten der individuellen Freiheit, zur Kernenergie, zur sozialen Gleichheit, zur gesellschaftlichen Gleichstellung der Geschlechter, zur Ausweitung der staatlichen Einflußsphäre in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch und zum Umweltschutz; Einstellung zur Veränderung der Gesellschaft; Bereitschaft zu politischen Aktivitäten auf lokaler und nationaler Ebene (Almond-Verba-Aktivitätsindex); Selbsteinschätzung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; Links-Rechts-Verständnis; Postmaterialismus (zwei Index-Versionen); Bewertung der staatlichen Aufgabenerfüllung in den Bereichen der Altenfürsorge, der Gleichberechtigung, der Arbeitsmarktpolitik, der Ausbildung, der medizinischen Versorgung, der Wohnungspolitik, des Umweltschutzes, der Kriminalitätsbekämpfung, der Minderheitenpolitik, des Ausgleichs sozialer Ungleichheit, der Inflationsbekämpfung und der Energieversorgung; Einstufung der Wichtigkeit dieser Probleme; gute und schlechte Seiten der Parteien; Sympathie-Skalometer für gesellschaftliche Gruppierungen, Organisationen und Parteien sowie für das politische System; Einstellung zur derzeitigen Regierung und zum politischen System; Einstellung zu ausgewählten politischen Protestformen; politische Partizipation; Zeitpunkt, Ziele und Initiator des Protests; Einstellung zu staatlicher Repression gegen Protestmaßnahmen; Parteiidentifikation; Wahlverhalten bei der letzten und Wahlabsicht bei der kommenden nationalen Wahl; Umfang, Zeitpunkt, Ziele und Initiator eigener politischer Aktivitäten; Einschätzung politischer Wirksamkeit und Gefühl der politischen Repräsentiertheit; Einstellung zum Jugendprotest; Beeinflussung der Regierung durch die Interessen der Mächtigen; Vertrauen in die Regierung; Geburtsmonat und Geburtsjahr; Beschreibung der finanziellen und familiären Situation im Elternhaus während der eigenen Kindheit und Jugendzeit; soziale Herkunft; Parteipräferenz der Eltern; Einschätzung der eigenen Schichtzugehörigkeit; Vorgesetztenfunktion am Arbeitsplatz; Arbeitslosigkeit und Einschätzung der eigenen Arbeitsplatzsicherheit; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft und Beteiligung an Gewerkschaftsversammlungen; Mitgliedschaften. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Religiosität; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Berufstätigkeit; Einkommen; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; Befragter ist Haushaltsvorstand; Parteipräferenz; Wahlverhalten bei der letzten Wahl; Urbanisierungsgrad. Interviewerrating: Einschätzung der ethnischen Gruppenzugehörigkeit; Anwesenheit Dritter beim Interview und Häufigkeit der Eingriffe in das Interview; Kooperationsbereitschaft und Zuverlässigkeit des Befragten; Haustyp; Interviewdatum; Interviewdauer; Interviewer-Identifikation; Ortsgröße. Indizes: Konventionelle politische Partizipation; Protestbereitschaft und Protestaktivitäten; Protestpotential; Repressionspotential; Typologie politischer Partizipation und politischer Aktivität; ideologisches Denken; Links-Rechts-Verständnis; Niveau der ideologischen Konzeptionalisierung; Postmaterialismus-Index; politische Effizienz; politisches Vertrauen; Systemreaktionsbereitschaft; Links-Rechts-Wahlverhalten; Links-Rechts-Parteipräferenz; Wahl und Parteipräferenz für Regierungs- oder Oppositionspartei; Parteiidentifikation; Erwartungen an die Jugend; Dimension der Parteiorientierung und der gesellschaftlichen Orientierung; Wahrnehmung von Gruppenprivilegien; Bildung

International Workbook: Political Participation (Netherlands)

Exercise sub-dataset for the Workbook ´Political Participation´. Topics: self-assessment of class; social origins; degree of party identification; perceived opportunity to influence the government; political interest; political interest of father; participation in election events; election participation at the last election; media usage for political opinion making; judgement on one´s own economic situation; most important political topics; political attitude; personal party membership; party membership of parents during one´s childhood. Demography: age; sex; marital status; religious denomination; frequency of church attendance; school education; occupation; occupational position; employment; characteristics of head of household; degree of urbanization; union membership; local residency; regional origins; occupation and occupational position of father during one´s childhood.Übungsteildatensatz zum Workbook "Political Participation". Themen: Selbsteinschätzung der Klassenzugehörigkeit; soziale Herkunft; Grad der Parteiidentifikation; perzipierte Einflussmöglichkeit auf die Regierung; politisches Interesse; politisches Interesse des Vaters; Teilnahme an Wahlveranstaltungen; Wahlbeteiligung bei der letzten Wahl; Mediennutzung zur politischen Meinungsbildung; Beurteilung der eigenen wirtschaftlichen Situation; wichtigste politische Themen; politische Einstellung; eigene Parteimitgliedschaft; Parteimitgliedschaft der Eltern während der eigenen Kindheit. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Konfession; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Schulbildung; Beruf; berufliche Position; Berufstätigkeit; Charakteristika des Haushaltsvorstands; Urbanisierungsgrad; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Ortsansässigkeit; regionale Herkunft; Beruf und berufliche Position des Vaters während der eigenen Kindheit

Political Action I (An Eight Nation Study)

Extent and manner of political participation. Value orientation and political attitudes. Topics: Political interest; importance of political problems; judgement on the effectiveness of political activities; personal political activities and personal conventional political participation; attitude to repressive measures by the government; concept of democracy; trust in the government; attitudes to the younger generation; personal understanding of the terms ´left´ and ´right´; self-classification on a left-right continuum; good and bad sides of the most important parties; party preference and voting behavior; sympathy scale for parties and social groups, including among others the police, civil servants, big businessmen, unions, protesting students, ethnic minorities and the women´s movement; materialist or post-materialist value orientation; job orientation and job situation; social origins; number and sex of siblings; religiousness; parental political preferences; actual and desired income; self-estimation of one´s social class. For the young: topics of discussion and degree of agreement with parents; reference groups. Indices: political participation, political orientation, satisfaction with life, post-materialism, social and political attitudes. Demography: age; sex; marital status; number of children; religious denomination; school education; vocational training; occupation; professional position; employment; income; household income; head of household; party inclination; party identification; political discussion; membership. Interviewer rating: ethnic origins of respondent; presence of other persons; interruptions during interview; length of interview; understanding for questions; number of contact attempts; type of residential building. Also encoded was: identification of interviewer; sampling point.Umfang und Form politischer Partizipation. Wertorientierung und politische Einstellungen. Themen: Politisches Interesse; Wichtigkeit politischer Probleme; Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit politischer Aktivitäten; eigene politische Aktivitäten und eigene konventionelle politische Partizipation; Einstellung zu repressiven Maßnahmen der Regierung; Demokratieverständnis; Vertrauen in die Regierung; Einstellung zur jungen Generation; eigenes Verständnis von den Begriffen "Links" und "Rechts"; Selbsteinstufung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; gute und schlechte Seiten der wichtigsten Parteien; Parteipräferenz und Wahlverhalten; Sympathie-Skalometer für Parteien und soziale Gruppen, u. a. auch für die Polizei, die Beamten, die Großunternehmer, die Gewerkschaften, die protestierenden Studenten, ethnische Minderheiten und die Frauenbewegung; materialistische bzw. postmaterialistische Wertorientierung; berufliche Wertorientierung und berufliche Situation; soziale Herkunft; Anzahl und Geschlecht der Geschwister; Kinderzahl; Religiosität; politische Präferenzen der Eltern; tatsächliches und gewünschtes Einkommen; Selbsteinschätzung der Schichtzugehörigkeit. Bei Jugendlichen: Gesprächsthemen und Übereinstimmungen mit den Eltern; Bezugsgruppen. Indizes: Politische Partizipation, politische Orientierung, Lebenszufriedenheit, Postmaterialismus, soziale und politische Einstellungen. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Familienstand; Kinderzahl; Konfession; Schulbildung; Berufsausbildung; Beruf; berufliche Position; Berufstätigkeit; Einkommen; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltungsvorstand; Parteineigung; Parteiidentifikation; politische Diskussion; Mitgliedschaft. Interviewerrating: Ethnie des Befragten; Anwesenheit anderer Personen; Unterbrechungen während des Interviews; Interviewdauer; Verständnis für die Fragen; Anzahl der Kontaktversuche; Wohnhaustyp. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Intervieweridentifikation; sampling point

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0-4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2-6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status