Identificação do uso e ocupação do solo por caracterização morfométrica e por pesquisa de campo da bacia hidrográfica rio das cobras

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo diagnosticar el uso y la ocupación del suelo y el área de preservación permanente en la cuenca del río das Cobras, utilizando técnicas de geoprocesamiento. Esta cuenca tiene un área de 617,20 km² ubicada en los municipios de Nova Laranjeiras - PR, Espigão Alto Iguaçu - PR y Quedas do Iguaçu - PR, su río principal desemboca en el río Iguaçu. Además de los municipios, esta área está ocupada por comunidades indígenas, campesinos y por la agricultura intensiva, por lo que se tiene un gran interés en su estudo.The present work had as objective to diagnose the use and occupation of the soil and the permanent preservation area in the Cobras River basin, using Geoprocessing techniques. This basin with an area of 617.20 km ², located in the municipalities of Nova Laranjeiras - PR, Espigão Alto Iguaçu - PR and Quedas do Iguaçu - PR, your river has the mouth in Iguaçu River. This area is occupied, in addition to the municipalities, by indigenous community and by settlement of landless, thus having great interest of study, also occupied with the intensive agriculture.O presente trabalho teve como objetivo diagnosticar o uso e ocupação do solo e a área de preservação permanente na bacia do Rio das Cobras, utilizando técnicas de Geoprocessamento. Bacia essa com uma área de 617,20 km² localizada nos municípios de Nova Laranjeiras – PR, Espigão Alto Iguaçu – PR e Quedas do Iguaçu – PR, seu rio principal deságua no rio Iguaçu. Esta área é ocupada, além dos municípios, por comunidade indígena e por assentamento de sem terras, tendo assim grande interesse de estudo, também ocupada com a agricultura intensiva

Analysis of lubricant oil contamination and degradation and wear of a biogas-fed otto cycle engine

The increasing deployment of biodigesters for the treatment of waste on farms and the use of the biogas generated in the production of energy have highlighted the need for knowing the influence of this fuel on internal combustion engines. This study aimed to analyze the influence of filtrated biogas on lubricant oil contamination and degradation, as well as on engine wear and corrosion. Lubricant oil samples were collected every 75 engine operating hours (EOH) and then correlated between each other and with a sample of new oil, determining the elements present in the biogas that contribute to lubricant oil contamination and degradation, as well as lubricant oil performance in the course of EOH and engine wear. The results demonstrate that hydrogen sulfide affects the performance of the lubricant oil and engine wear. Among the metals, we observed that the copper concentration exceeded the maximum limit recommended in the literature. As for the additives, the variation in concentrations of magnesium impacted on lubricant performance. By monitoring lubricant oil quality were able to extend the engine oil change interval of this study by 50%, what resulted in a savings of 33.3% in the cost of lubricant per hour worked

<b>Analysis of absorbed energy and efficiency of a solar flat plate collector

The highest percentage in home electricity demands in Brazil lies with the water heating systems, where the electric shower has a great contribution in consumption. The use of solar thermal panels is an alternative to minimize the strain on the electrical system by heating water. Current study evaluates a water heating system built with materials commonly used in home constructions. The tested collector is a 1 m² flat plate. Experiments were conducted at the State University of Western Paraná (UNIOESTE), campus Cascavel, Paraná State, Brazil. Temperature data were collected by PT100 sensors and solar radiation was measured with a pyranometer, coupled to a CR-1000 datalogger, with readings and collection every 5 minutes for 1 year. Data collection and analysis showed that the system presented monthly efficiency ranging between 33.7 and 53.54%, and energy absorbed between 30.79 and 75.29 kWh m-².month. Results show the system is a good option for use in residential or rural water heating due to decrease in the electric bill