2,350 research outputs found
Trasplante celular y terapia regenerativa con células madre
Uno de los campos de la medicina que más expectativas
ha levantado en los últimos años es la terapia celular con
células madre. El aislamiento de células embrionarias humanas,
la aparente e inesperada potencialidad de las células
madre adultas y el desarrollo de la terapia génica nos
llevar a imaginar un futuro esperanzador para un importante
número de enfermedades actualmente incurables. A
lo largo de las siguientes páginas vamos a tratar de dibujar
el panorama de la investigación con células madre, describiendo
los principales logros en este campo así como algunas
de las preguntas pendientes de responder. A pesar
de las grandes expectativas, es fundamental que mantengamos
un espíritu crítico y realista a la hora de analizar los
avances científicos en esta área
Stem Cells and Cardiac Disease: Where are We Going?
During the last 10 years we have witnessed the development of a new field in research termed Stem Cell Therapy.
Classically, it was considered that cells had a limited division and differentiation ability; however, this dogma was
challenged when new exciting results about cell multi/pluripotency were presented to the scientific community. It was
found that cells from one adult tissue source were able to originate cells of a very different type. The possibility of transplanting
these cells into damaged organs with the aim of substituting sick or dead tissue, triggered many studies to understand
the plasticity of the stem cells and their potential in pathological situations. Nowadays, much more is understood
about stem cells, although of course, many questions, especially about their mechanism of action, still need to be answered.
Their benefit after transplantation has been shown experimentally and even clinically in some cases; however, the
degree of stem cell contribution through their own differentiation into the transplanted tissue, has turned out to be generally
low, and increasing evidence indicates that a trophic effect must play an important role in such a benefit. A better understanding
of the paracrine mechanisms involved could be of great relevance in order to develop new therapies focused
on stimulating endogenous cells. On the other hand, more sophisticated methods for cell transplantation combined with
bio-engineering techniques have been devised in cardiac disease models. In this review we will try to provide a critical
overview of the stem cell studies performed until now and to discuss some of the questions raised about the mechanisms
that are involved in their putative reparative effect in cardiovascular diseases, and their origin
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Disease: A Bench to Bedside Roadmap
In recent years, the incredible boost in stem cell research has kindled the expectations of both patients and physicians. Mesenchymal progenitors, owing to their availability, ease of manipulation, and therapeutic potential, have become one of the most attractive options for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, from cartilage defects to cardiac disorders. Moreover, their immunomodulatory capacity has opened up their allogenic use, consequently broadening the possibilities for their application. In this review, we will focus on their use in the therapy of myocardial infarction, looking at their characteristics, in vitro and in vivo mechanisms of action, as well as clinical trials
Future Perspectives in the Treatment of Heart Failure: From Cell Transplantation to Cardiac Regeneration
En los últimos años hemos asistido a un interés creciente
por el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca mediante el
trasplante de células madre. Mientras que los estudios con
células madre de músculo (mioblastos) se iniciaron hace
más de 10 años, la posibilidad de que las células madre de
la médula ósea tengan un enorme potencial de diferenciación
y proliferación ha estimulado la investigación con otros
tipos de células madre. Estos estudios experimentales han
demostrado, en no pocas ocasiones, resultados contradictorios,
lo que ha llevado a posturas enfrentadas en cuanto a
la ética de iniciar estudios clínicos. Creemos que es adecuado
tratar de ofrecer una visión crítica respecto a la utilización
de las células madre en la insuficiencia cardíaca.
Quizá la pregunta más difícil de contestar en este momento
es si la realización de ensayos clínicos está justificada o no
a la luz de los conocimientos actuales, o si por el contrario
debemos adquirir un conocimiento mucho más preciso de
la posible eficacia de este tipo de tratamiento y de los mecanismos
que justifican esta eficacia, antes de siquiera iniciar
los estudios en humanos. En nuestra opinión, hay suficientes
evidencias que justifican el desarrollo de ensayos
clínicos a pesar de que, sin duda, existen muchos interrogantes
que debemos resolver mediante estudios experimentales
en animales
Perspectivas futuras de tratamiento en la insuficiencia cardíaca: del trasplante de células a la regeneración cardíaca
En los últimos años hemos asistido a un interés creciente
por el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca mediante
el trasplante de células madre. Mientras que los
estudios con células madre de músculo (mioblastos) se
iniciaron hace más de 10 años, la posibilidad de que las
células madre de la médula ósea tengan un enorme potencial
de diferenciación y proliferación ha estimulado la
investigación con otros tipos de células madre. Estos estudios
experimentales han demostrado, en no pocas ocasiones,
resultados contradictorios, lo que ha llevado a
posturas enfrentadas en cuanto a la ética de iniciar estudios
clínicos. Creemos que es adecuado tratar de ofrecer
una visión crítica respecto a la utilización de las células
madre en la insuficiencia cardíaca. Quizá la pregunta
más difícil de contestar en este momento es si la realización
de ensayos clínicos está justificada o no a la luz de
los conocimientos actuales, o si por el contrario debemos
adquirir un conocimiento mucho más preciso de la posible
eficacia de este tipo de tratamiento y de los mecanismos
que justifican esta eficacia, antes de siquiera iniciar
los estudios en humanos. En nuestra opinión, hay suficientes
evidencias que justifican el desarrollo de ensayos
clínicos a pesar de que, sin duda, existen muchos interrogantes
que debemos resolver mediante estudios experimentales
en animales
Stem Cells to Regenerate Cardiac Tissue in Heart Failure
Myocardial regeneration is one of the most promising
therapeutic strategies for heart failure patients. Many experimental
studies have demonstrated that different types
of stem cell can differentiate into myocardial cells and tissues
necessary for regeneration of the damaged myocardium,
while studies in experimental animals suggest that
muscle (myoblast), bone marrow (mesenchymal, endothelial
or hematopoietic progenitors) and even heart cells
can help to improve heart contractility in vivo. These findings
have led several groups to undertake studies in patients
with myocardial infarction. However, the use of cellular
therapy in clinical trials is not without controversy,
mainly related with the need for better knowledge before
these therapeutic strategies are used in clinical practice.
Although significant enhancement of our knowledge of
the processes involved is fundamental, we do not consider
it unreasonable to initiate clinical trials in which specific
questions are posed, whose answers will allow us to
make further progress
Utilización de células madre para la regeneración miocárdica en la insuficiencia cardíaca
La terapia celular en la reparación miocárdica se vislumbra
como una de las estrategias terapéuticas con
mayor futuro en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca.
Numerosos estudios in vitro recientes apoyan la potencialidad
de distintos tipos de células madre de diferenciarse
hacia los tejidos necesarios para regenerar el
tejido miocárdico dañado, mientras que estudios en animales
de experimentación sugieren que células madre
de músculo (mioblastos), médula ósea (progenitores mesenquimales,
endoteliales o hematopoyéticos) e incluso
del propio corazón pueden contribuir in vivo a mejorar la
contractilidad cardíaca. Estos trabajos han conducido a
que diversos grupos hayan iniciado estudios en pacientes
con infarto de miocardio. Sin embargo, la utilización
de la terapia celular en ensayos clínicos no está desprovista
de controversia, fundamentalmente relacionada con
la necesidad de aumentar nuestro conocimiento antes
de pasar a la aplicación clínica de estas estrategias terapéuticas.
Aunque es fundamental aumentar significativamente
el conocimiento de los procesos, no consideramos
irrazonable iniciar ensayos clínicos en los que se
identifiquen preguntas concretas cuya respuesta nos
permita avanzar en esta dirección
Somatic stem cells and the origin of cancer
Most human cancers derive from a single cell targeted
by genetic and epigenetic alterations that initiate
malignant transformation. Progressively, these
early cancer cells give rise to different generations
of daughter cells that accumulate additional mutations,
acting in concert to drive the full neoplastic
phenotype1,2. As we have currently deciphered
many of the gene pathways disrupted in cancer, our
knowledge about the nature of the normal cells
susceptible to transformation upon mutation has
remained more elusive.
Adult stem cells are those that show long-term
replicative potential, together with the capacities of
self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation. These
stem cell properties are tightly regulated in normal
development, yet their alteration may be a critical
issue for tumorigenesis. This concept has arisen
from the striking degree of similarity noted between
somatic stem cells and cancer cells, including
the fundamental abilities to self-renew and differentiate.
Given these shared attributes, it has been
proposed that cancers are caused by transforming
mutations occurring in tissue-specific stem cells3-9.
This hypothesis has been functionally supported by
the observation that among all cancer cells within a
particular tumor, only a minute cell fraction has the
exclusive potential to regenerate the entire tumor
cell population3,10-13; these cells with stem-like
properties have been termed cancer stem cells.
Cancer stem cells can originate from mutation in
normal somatic stem cells that deregulate their
physiological programs. Alternatively, mutations
may target more committed progenitor cells or
even mature cells, which become reprogrammed to
acquire stem-like functions14,15 In any case, mutated
genes should promote expansion of stem/progenitor
cells, thus increasing their predisposition to
cancer development by expanding self-renewal and
pluripotency over their normal tendency towards
relative quiescency and proper differentiation
Correction: Ordoñez, et al.; DNA methylation of enhancer elements in myeloid neoplasms: think outside the promoters? Cancers 2019, 11, 1424
The authors would like to make a correction to their published pape
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