Эксплуатация системы транспорта продукта на нефтегазоконденсатном месторождении Томской области

Объектом исследования является система транспорта продукта на нефтегазоконденсатном месторождении Томской области. Цель работы: анализ особенностей системы транспорта нефти на нефтегазоконденсатном месторождении Томской области. В процессе работы проводился: анализ характеристик внутрипромысловых и технологических трубопроводов, анализ системы хранения продукта и его транспортировки, а также обеспечивающего технологический процесс оборудования. Приведены мероприятия по техническому обслуживанию нефтепроводов и их защите от коррозии, определена расчетная и отбраковочная толщина стенок труб, проведен расчет остаточного ресурса трубопровода по минимальной вероятной толщине стенок труб.The object of study is the product transport system in the oil and gas condensate field of the Tomsk region. Objective: to analyze the features of the oil transportation system in the oil and gas condensate field of the Tomsk region. In the process of work was carried out: analysis of the characteristics of infield and technological pipelines, analysis of the product storage system and its transportation, as well as equipment ensuring the technological process. Measures for the maintenance of oil pipelines and their protection against corrosion are given, the calculated and rejected wall thicknesses of the pipes are determined, and the residual life of the pipeline is calculated from the minimum probable pipe wall thickness

The Potential Effects of Electromagnetic Field: A Review

Studies about the potential effects of electromagnetic field on human body are increasing day by day. In this study; new investigations on this field were tried to be explained by the help of literature. An exclusive search was conducted in medical databases and these findings were compared with literatures in the world. It is shown, in many studies around the world, that electromagnetic waves as well as the electromagnetic field that is given out by some of the equipment we use, create negative effects on biological systems of humans. Moreover; it had concluded that there are roles of molecular pathways such as oxidative stress on electromagnetic field induced diseases. These effects are the short term effects and long term effects. Decreasing of the area of vision, heavy stress and feeling of tiredness, loosing of concentration and attention, voices in the ears and warming of ears, reversible hearing problems, headache and such can be seen as the short term effects. The long term effects that are commonly encountered are; irreversible hearing problems, damaging of the embryonic development, increasing risk of miscarriage, decrease in the number of sperms, damaging of the brain tissue, heart related problems, weakening of the memory, lymphoma, and damaging of the genetic structure. We cannot stop using electricity. Electromagnetic field related health problems could take many years to present symptoms. Hence, public sensitivity to these issues is a necessity. Preventative measures should be high priority and risks should be minimized

900 MHz radiofrequency-induced histopathologic changes and oxidative stress in rat endometrium: protection by vitamins E and C

There are numerous reports on the effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in various cellular systems. Mechanisms of adverse effects of EMR indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play a role in the biological effects of this radiation. The aims of this study were to examine 900 MHz mobile phone-induced oxidative stress that promotes production of ROS and to investigate the role of vitamins E and C, which have antioxidant properties, on endometrial tissue against possible 900 MHz mobile phone-induced endometrial impairment in rats. The animals were randomly grouped (eight each) as follows: 1) Control group (without stress and EMR, Group I), 2) sham-operated rats stayed without exposure to EMR (exposure device off, Group II), 3) rats exposed to 900 MHz EMR (EMR group, Group III) and 4) a 900 MHz EMR exposed + vitamin-treated group (EMR + Vit group, Group IV). A 900 MHz EMR was applied to EMR and EMR + Vit group 30 min/day, for 30 days using an experimental exposure device. Endometrial levels of nitric oxide (NO, an oxidant product) and malondialdehyde (MDA, an index of lipid peroxidation), increased in EMR exposed rats while the combined vitamins E and C caused a significant reduction in the levels of NO and MDA. Likewise, endometrial superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities decreased in EMR exposed animals while vitamins E and C caused a significant increase in the activities of these antioxidant enzymes. In the EMR group histopathologic changes in endometrium, diffuse and severe apoptosis was present in the endometrial surface epithelial and glandular cells and the stromal cells. Diffuse eosinophilic leucocyte and lymphocyte infiltration were observed in the endometrial stroma whereas the combination of vitamins E and C caused a significant decrease in these effects of EMR. It is concluded that oxidative endometrial damage plays an important role in the 900 MHz mobile phone-induced endometrial impairment and the modulation of oxidative stress with vitamins E and C reduces the 900 MHz mobile phone-induced endometrial damage both at biochemical and histological levels

Endometrial apoptosis induced by a 900-MHz mobile phone: Preventive effects of vitamins E and C

Numerous reports have described the effects induced by an electromagnetic field (EMF) in various cellular systems. The purposes of this study were to examine oxidative stress that promotes production of reactive oxygen species induced by a 900-megahertz (MHz) mobile phone and the possible ameliorating effects of vitamins E and C on endometrial tissue against EMF-incluced endometrial impairment and apoptosis in rats. Animals were randomly grouped as follows: (1) sham-operated control group (n=8), (2) 900 MHz EMF-exposed group (n=8; 30 min/d for 30 d), and (3) 900 MHz EMF-exposed group, treated with vitamins E and C (n=8; 50 mg/kg intramuscularly and 20 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally before daily EMF exposure). Malondialdehyde (an index of lipid peroxidation) was used as a marker of oxidative stress-induced endometrial impairment; Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-8 were assessed immunohistochemically. In this study, increased malondialdehyde levels in endometrial tissue and apoptosis illustrated the role of the oxidative mechanism induced by exposure to a 900-MHz mobile phone-like device and vitamins E and C; via free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties, oxidative tissue injury and apoptosis were ameliorated in rat endometrium. In conclusion, exposure to 900-MHz radiation emitted by mobile phones may cause endometrial apoptosis and oxidative stress, but treatment with vitamins E and C can diminish these changes and may have a beneficial effect in preventing endometrial changes in rats

Melatonin ameliorates methionine- and choline-deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may progress to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Mainly, oxidative stress and excessive hepatocyte apoptosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of progressive NASH. Melatonin is not only a powerful antioxidant but also an anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic agent. We aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin on methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MCDD)-induced NASH in rats. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Two groups were fed with MCDD while the other two groups were fed a control diet, pair-fed. One of the MCDD groups and one of the control diet groups were administered melatonin 50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally, and the controls were given a vehicle. After 1 month the liver tissue oxidative stress markers, proinflammatory cytokines and hepatocyte apoptosis were studied by commercially available kits. For grading and staging histological lesions, Brunt et al.'s system was used. Melatonin decreased oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines and hepatocyte apoptosis. The drug ameliorated the grade of NASH. The present study suggests that melatonin functions as a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic agent in NASH and may be a therapeutic option