1,586 research outputs found
On the Connection of Anisotropic Conductivity to Tip Induced Space Charge Layers in Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy of p-doped GaAs
The electronic properties of shallow acceptors in p-doped GaAs{110} are
investigated with scanning tunneling microscopy at low temperature. Shallow
acceptors are known to exhibit distinct triangular contrasts in STM images for
certain bias voltages. Spatially resolved I(V)-spectroscopy is performed to
identify their energetic origin and behavior. A crucial parameter - the STM
tip's work function - is determined experimentally. The voltage dependent
potential configuration and band bending situation is derived. Ways to validate
the calculations with the experiment are discussed. Differential conductivity
maps reveal that the triangular contrasts are only observed with a depletion
layer present under the STM tip. The tunnel process leading to the anisotropic
contrasts calls for electrons to tunnel through vacuum gap and a finite region
in the semiconductor.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure
Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy at low temperatures of the (110) surface of Te doped GaAs single crystals
We have performed voltage dependent imaging and spatially resolved
spectroscopy on the (110) surface of Te doped GaAs single crystals with a low
temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM). A large fraction of the
observed defects are identified as Te dopant atoms which can be observed down
to the fifth subsurface layer. For negative sample voltages, the dopant atoms
are surrounded by Friedel charge density oscillations. Spatially resolved
spectroscopy above the dopant atoms and above defect free areas of the GaAs
(110) surface reveals the presence of conductance peaks inside the
semiconductor band gap. The appearance of the peaks can be linked to charges
residing on states which are localized within the tunnel junction area. We show
that these localized states can be present on the doped GaAs surface as well as
at the STM tip apex.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in PR
Graphene formed on SiC under various environments: Comparison of Si-face and C-face
The morphology of graphene on SiC {0001} surfaces formed in various
environments including ultra-high vacuum, 1 atm of argon, and 10^-6 to 10^-4
Torr of disilane is studied by atomic force microscopy, low-energy electron
microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The graphene is formed by heating the
surface to 1100 - 1600 C, which causes preferential sublimation of the Si
atoms. The argon atmosphere or the background of disilane decreases the
sublimation rate so that a higher graphitization temperature is required, thus
improving the morphology of the films. For the (0001) surface, large areas of
monolayer-thick graphene are formed in this way, with the size of these areas
depending on the miscut of the sample. Results on the (000-1) surface are more
complex. This surface graphitizes at a lower temperature than for the (0001)
surface and consequently the growth is more three-dimensional. In an atmosphere
of argon the morphology becomes even worse, with the surface displaying
markedly inhomogeneous nucleation, an effect attributed to unintentional
oxidation of the surface during graphitization. Use of a disilane environment
for the (000-1) surface is found to produce improved morphology, with
relatively large areas of monolayer-thick graphene.Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures, Proceedings of STEG-2 Conference; eliminated
Figs. 4 and 7 from version 1, for brevity, and added Refs. 18, 29, 30, 31
together with associated discussio
Sub-nanosecond, time-resolved, broadband infrared spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation
A facility for sub-nanosecond time-resolved (pump-probe) infrared
spectroscopy has been developed at the National Synchrotron Light Source of
Brookhaven National Laboratory. A mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser produces 2 ps
duration, tunable near-IR pump pulses synchronized to probe pulses from a
synchrotron storage ring. The facility is unique on account of the broadband
infrared from the synchrotron, which allows the entire spectral range from 2
cm-1 (0.25 meV) to 20,000 cm-1 (2.5 eV) to be probed. A temporal resolution of
200 ps, limited by the infrared synchrotron-pulse duration, is achieved. A
maximum time delay of 170 ns is available without gating the infrared detector.
To illustrate the performance of the facility, a measurement of electron-hole
recombination dynamics for an HgCdTe semiconductor film in the far- and mid
infrared range is presented.Comment: 11 pages with 9 figures include
Atom-by-Atom Substitution of Mn in GaAs and Visualization of their Hole-Mediated Interactions
The discovery of ferromagnetism in Mn doped GaAs [1] has ignited interest in
the development of semiconductor technologies based on electron spin and has
led to several proof-of-concept spintronic devices [2-4]. A major hurdle for
realistic applications of (Ga,Mn)As, or other dilute magnetic semiconductors,
remains their below room-temperature ferromagnetic transition temperature.
Enhancing ferromagnetism in semiconductors requires understanding the
mechanisms for interaction between magnetic dopants, such as Mn, and
identifying the circumstances in which ferromagnetic interactions are maximized
[5]. Here we report the use of a novel atom-by-atom substitution technique with
the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) to perform the first controlled atomic
scale study of the interactions between isolated Mn acceptors mediated by the
electronic states of GaAs. High-resolution STM measurements are used to
visualize the GaAs electronic states that participate in the Mn-Mn interaction
and to quantify the interaction strengths as a function of relative position
and orientation. Our experimental findings, which can be explained using
tight-binding model calculations, reveal a strong dependence of ferromagnetic
interaction on crystallographic orientation. This anisotropic interaction can
potentially be exploited by growing oriented Ga1-xMnxAs structures to enhance
the ferromagnetic transition temperature beyond that achieved in randomly doped
samples. Our experimental methods also provide a realistic approach to create
precise arrangements of single spins as coupled quantum bits for memory or
information processing purposes
Currency Unions and Trade: A PPML Re-Assessment with High-Dimensional Fixed Effects
Recent work on the effects of currency unions (CUs) on trade stresses the importance of using many countries and years in order to obtain reliable estimates. However, for large samples, computational issues associated with the three-way (exporter-time, importer-time, and country-pair) fixed effects currently recommended in the gravity literature have heretofore limited the choice of estimator, leaving an important methodological gap. To address this gap, we introduce an iterative Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimation procedure that facilitates the inclusion of these fixed effects for large data sets and also allows for correlated errors across countries and time. When applied to a comprehensive sample with more than 200 countries trading over 65 years, these innovations flip the conclusions of an otherwise rigorously-specified linear model. Most importantly, our estimates for both the overall CU effect and the Euro effect specifically are economically small and statistically insignificant. We also document that linear and PPML estimates of the Euro effect increasingly diverge as the sample size grows
Through-thickness superconducting and normal-state transport properties revealed by thinning of thick film ex situ YBa2Cu3O7-x coated conductors
A rapid decrease in the critical current density (Jc) of YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO)
films with increasing film thickness has been observed for multiple YBCO growth
processes. While such behavior is predicted from 2D collective pinning models
under certain assumptions, empirical observations of the thickness dependence
of Jc are believed to be largely processing dependent at present. To
investigate this behavior in ex situ YBCO films, 2.0 and 2.9 um thick YBCO
films on ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) - yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ)
substrates were thinned and repeatedly measured for rho(T) and Jc(H). The 2.9
um film exhibited a constant Jc(77K,SF) through thickness of ~1 MA/cm2 while
the 2.0 um film exhibited an increase in Jc(77K,SF) as it was thinned. Neither
film offered evidence of significant dead layers, suggesting that further
increases in critical current can be obtained by growing thicker YBCO layers.Comment: To appear in Applied Physics Letter
Electronic and structural properties of vacancies on and below the GaP(110) surface
We have performed total-energy density-functional calculations using
first-principles pseudopotentials to determine the atomic and electronic
structure of neutral surface and subsurface vacancies at the GaP(110) surface.
The cation as well as the anion surface vacancy show a pronounced inward
relaxation of the three nearest neighbor atoms towards the vacancy while the
surface point-group symmetry is maintained. For both types of vacancies we find
a singly occupied level at mid gap. Subsurface vacancies below the second layer
display essentially the same properties as bulk defects. Our results for
vacancies in the second layer show features not observed for either surface or
bulk vacancies: Large relaxations occur and both defects are unstable against
the formation of antisite vacancy complexes. Simulating scanning tunneling
microscope pictures of the different vacancies we find excellent agreement with
experimental data for the surface vacancies and predict the signatures of
subsurface vacancies.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, Submitted to Phys. Rev. B, Other related
publications can be found at http://www.rz-berlin.mpg.de/th/paper.htm
Pharmacological Manipulation of Neuronal Ensemble Activity by Reverse Microdialysis in Freely Moving Rats: A Comparative Study of the Effects of Tetrodotoxin, Lidocaine, and Muscimol
- âŠ