Law enforcement problems at the appointment of administrative punishment

The present article is designed to draw the attention of readers to the existing problems in law-enforcement activity at the purpose of administrative punishments. In the article the problems of the general and private character which are not known have been analyzed. The attention is focused on an imperfect legislative regulation which, according to authors, is the cornerstone of many problems in law enforcement. Authors consider the problems of interpretation of the concept "administrative punishment" and the questions of the creation of an optimum system of punishments, as prescribed by the administrative law, a prerequisite of a corruption. The provisions of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences provide the choice of a look and the degree of severity of administrative punishments for offenses. As a result, authors formulate conclusions about existence in activity to destination of administrative punishments of essential quantity of unresolved problems, both in a system, and in a private character. Besides corruption provisions of the administrative law, according to authors, act as initial prerequisites of key problems of law enforcement.peer-reviewe

Comparison of different numerical methods used to handle the open boundary of a regional ocean circulation model of the Bay of Biscay

International audienceSeveral methods for specifying boundary conditions at the limits of a regional model are compared. The methods investigated are those using clamped and radiation boundary conditions, one-way and two-way nesting in a model for a more extensive area, and "full" coupling based on domain decomposition techniques. These methods are compared in the realistic framework of interactions between a 1/15° model of the Bay of Biscay and a 1/3° model of the North Atlantic, over a 3-year simulation (1996-1998). The clamped and radiation boundary conditions systematically lead to energy accumulation and problematic recirculations along the boundary, and can disturb the internal dynamics of the regional domain. The one-way or two-way-nesting and the full-coupling methods result in far more satisfactory behaviour. For long periods of integration, the two-way mode improves both the fine and coarse-grid solutions. The full coupling method provides the most regular solution at the boundary, and also opens interesting new perspectives since it should enable the coupling of models with different physics. However it requires much more computation time