Otpadne vode iz procesa ekstrahiranja maslinovog ulja: uklanjanje ili valoriziranje?

Olive vegetation waters (OVW) represent a serious environmental problem for the solution of which several disposal methods have been proposed, such as, e.g., physico-chemical treatments (decantation with lime and/or total oxidation; concen-tration, drying and incineration; ultrafiltration and reverse osmosys), agronomic (acquaculture; land-spreading) and animal-breeding methods (direct utilization as animal feed or after protein enrichment by, e.g, yeast or fungal fermentation) and of the "biotechnological" type (fermentation; biological treatments). The OVW might also be a possible resource due to the presence of value products (e.g., antioxidants) and of simple and complex sugars which make the waste a possible basis medium for fermentation processes. This work presents a brief survey of studies conducted at the Departimento di Agrobiologia e Agrochimica, University of Tuscia, on the possible chemical and biotechnological valorization of the OVW. Technical feasibility of various fermentative processes either to obtain products of high added value (polysaccharides and enzymes such as lipase, laccase, Mn-peroxidase and pectinase) or to improve the waste’s agronomic use has been assessed. Main residues of the olive-oil extraction process are vegetation waters (OVW) and husks. Extraction system, pressure and centrifugation play an important role in the amount and characteristics of both olive oil and residues (Amirante et al., 1993). In the traditional centrifugation system, 50-100 l of water are added to 100kg of olive paste to reduce viscosity and to improve oil separation: as a consequence, large amounts of OVW are produced. During the last ten/twenty years, new centrifugation systems have been developed that require either less (10-20 l) or no water at all added during oil separation (Fig. 1). In either case, however, residues of the olive-oil extraction may represent a serious environmental problem. After recovery of residual oil by solvent extraction, husks from traditional processes can find valid utilization as animal feed or as alternative fuel and in compost preparation. OVW, with washing waters, make the oil-mill waste waters (black waters) generally characterized by large volume and high polluting load. Moreover, compounds with biostatic activity (e.g., polyphenols) are largely present.Vegetacijske vode masline (OVW) predstavljaju ozbiljan okolišni problem za čije se rješenje predlaže nekoliko metoda uklanjanja kao što su npr. fizikalno-kemijski postupci (uklanjanje vapnom i/ili potpuna oksidacija, koncentriranje, sušenje i spaljivanje, ultra filtriranje i obrnuta osmoza), agronomske (akvakultura, rasprostra-njenje po zemlji) te metode u uzgoju životinja (direktna uporaba kao krmiva za životinje ili nakon obogaćenja npr. kvascem ili gljivičnom fermentacijom) i biotehnološki oblik (fermentacija, biološko tretiranje). OVW je također mogući resurs zbog dragocjenih sastojaka (npr. antioksidanata) te jednostavnih i složenih šećera koji čine ovaj otpad mogućim osnovnim sredstvom za procese fermentacije. Ovaj rad daje kratak pregled istraživanja na Bipartimento di Agrobiologia e Agrochimica Sveučilišta Tuscia moguće kemijske i biotehnološke valorizacije OVW-a. Procjenjuje se tehnička izvedivost raznih fermentacijskih procesa za dobivanje proizvoda visoke dodane vrijednosti (polisaharidi i enzimi kao što su lipaza, lakaza, Mn-peroksidaza i pektinaza) ili za poboljšanje agronomske iskoristivosti otpada. Glavni talozi u procesu ekstrahiranja maslinovog ulja su vegetativne vode (OVW) i ljuska. Sustav ekstrahiranja, pritisak i centrifugiranje igraju važnu ulogu u količini i značajkama maslinovog ulja i taloga (Amirante et al., 1993). U tradicionalnom sustavu centrifugiranja dodaje se 50 do 100 l vode na 100 kg pulpe maslina da se smanji viskoznost i poboljša separacija ulja pa se kao posljedica stvaraju velike količine OVW. U zadnjih deset/dvadeset godina razvijeni su novi sustavi centrifugiranja koji zahtijevaju manje vode (10 - 20 1) ili uopće ne trebaju vodu za vrijeme separacije ulja (Sl. l). U oba slučaja, međutim, ekstrak¬cije maslinovog ulja mogu predstavljati ozbiljan okolišni problem. Nakon vađenja preostalog ulja izlučivanjem pomoću otapala, ljuske se u tradicionalnom procesu mogu korisno upotrijebiti kao hrana za životinje ili kao alternativno gorivo, te u spremanju komposta. OVW, što za ispiranja čine otpadne vode u mlinu za masline /crna voda/ općenito obilježavaju veliki volumen i visoki teret onečišćenja. Osim toga, velikim su dijelom prisutni spojevi biostatične aktivnosti (npr. polifenoli)

"Language barrier" in UK newspapers 2010-2020: Figurative meaning, migration, and language needs

This article investigates the use of the expression “language barrier” in online and printed newspapers in the United Kingdom between 2010 and 2020. The analysis focuses on occurrences published in news items dealing with migration and language needs in multilingual UK contexts. The usage of the expression is discussed referring to policies addressing language needs of long-term and recent culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities. Language policy changes in the UK over the same period indicate an adoption of progressively negative connotations of the concept of “language barrier”, which reshaped language provision thus creating vulnerabilities for CALD communities. Being able to access information in a language that is understood in crisis settings relies on language policies recognising the linguistic diversity of the local population and accepting the need for language service provision for transient resident and/or recent arrivals in a country. The study focuses on the parallel between an increased frequency of use of the term in the UK media and a gradual dismantling of language service provision for the country’s CALD communities. Mapping the usage of “language barrier” leads the article to reflect on the politicization of the discourse on multilingualism, as historically the UK pursued ever stricter migration policies, leading to policy-making choices that risk increasing societal vulnerability

Sound propagation in elongated superfluid fermion clouds

We use hydrodynamic equations to study sound propagation in a superfluid Fermi gas inside a strongly elongated cigar-shaped trap, with main attention to the transition from the BCS to the unitary regime. We treat first the role of the radial density profile in the quasi-onedimensional limit and then evaluate numerically the effect of the axial confinement in a configuration in which a hole is present in the gas density at the center of the trap. We find that in a strongly elongated trap the speed of sound in both the BCS and the unitary regime differs by a factor sqrt{3/5} from that in a homogeneous three-dimensional superfluid. The predictions of the theory could be tested by measurements of sound-wave propagation in a set-up such as that exploited by M.R. Andrews et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 553 (1997)] for an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate

Design of Wireless Sensor Nodes for Structural Health Monitoring applications

Enabling low-cost distributed monitoring, wireless sensor networks represents an interesting solution for the implementation of structural health monitoring systems. This work deals with the design of wireless sensor networks for health monitoring of civil structures, specifically focusing on node design in relation to the requirements of different structural monitoring application classes. Design problems are analysed with specific reference to a large-scale experimental setup (the long-term structural monitoring of the Basilica S. Maria di Collemaggio, L’Aquila, Italy). Main limitations emerged are highlighted, and adopted solution strategies are outlined, both in the case of commercial sensing platform and of full custom solutions

A servant of Two masters: the Translator Michel Angelo Corai as a Tuscan Diplomat (1599-1609)

On 14 January 1597, as recorded by the archivist in the Archivio di Stato di Mantova on the carta 475 of the Fondo Gonzaga, Fr Giovan Battista Ruffini wrote directly to Manerbio Aderbale, secretary of Duke Vincenzo I’s Chancellery, from Venice. Ruffini rejoices for having arrived in Venice on Christmas day after his journey to the Holy Land; with a tone of satisfaction, he reveals that he has brought a ‘special gift’ back for the Duke. With me I brought back a Syrian, who owns beautiful writings, and can make beautiful things with his hands; I would like you to consent for me to take him to meet His Serenissima Highness … He [the Syrian] has three or four very ancient books in Ajiam-Farsi, Chaldaic, and Arabic and I hope he will have something to please His Highness; he speaks very well; and he writes Arabic, Persian/Farsi, and Turkish. He is a person that I imagine will not displease His Highness; he was the personal scribe of Cigalah when this was the Sinan Pasha of Babylon, he has father, wife, and children in Aleppo but he came with me because he was persecuted by a fellow Turkish