55 research outputs found

    Control of Insulin Release by Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 (TRPM3) Ion Channels

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    Background/Aims: The release of insulin in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood strongly depends on Ca2+ influx into pancreatic beta cells by the opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 proteins build Ca2+ permeable, non-selective cation channels serving as pain sensors of noxious heat in the peripheral nervous system. TRPM3 channels are also strongly expressed in pancreatic beta cells that respond to the TRPM3 agonist pregnenolone sulfate with Ca2+ influx and increased insulin release. Therefore, we hypothesized that in beta cells TRPM3 channels may contribute to pregnenolone sulfate- as well as to glucose-induced insulin release. Methods: We used INS-1 cells as a beta cell model in which we analysed the occurrence of TRPM3 isoformes by immunoprecipitation and western blotting and by cloning of RT-PCR amplified cDNA fragments. We applied pharmacological as well as CRISPR/Cas9-based strategies to analyse the interplay of TRPM3 and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in imaging experiments (FMP, Fura-2) and electrophysiological recordings. In immunoassays, we examined the contribution of TRPM3 channels to pregnenolone sulfate- and glucose-induced insulin release. To confirm our findings, we generated beta cell-specific Trpm3-deficient mice and compared their glucose clearance with the wild type in glucose tolerance tests. Results: TRPM3 channels triggered the activity of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and both channels together contributed to insulin release after TRPM3 activation. Trpm3-deficient INS-1 cells lacked pregnenolone sulfate-induced Ca2+ signals just like the pregnenolone sulfate-induced insulin release. Both, glucose-induced Ca2+ signals and the glucose-induced insulin release were strongly reduced. Accordingly, Trpm3-deficient mice displayed an impaired decrease of the blood sugar concentration after intraperitoneal or oral administration of glucose. Conclusion: The present study suggests an important role for TRPM3 channels in the control of glucose-dependent insulin release

    Peopling the past: creating a site biography in the Hungarian Neolithic

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    First paragraph: For most regions and for most sequences around the world, prehistorians until now have only been able to assign the past people whom they study to rather imprecise times. Such imperfect chronology is the result of our reliance on radiocarbon dating and a conventional approach to the interpretation of radiocarbon results which relies, basically, on the visual inspection of calibrated dates. Thus, typically, a radiocarbon sample from a few thousand years ago will calibrate to a date spanning 100–200 years (at 2σ). A group of such samples will not produce identical calibrated dates, even when they derive from the same event, and archaeologists visually inspecting a graph of such dates tend to include the extremes of the timespan indicated, and thus considerably exaggerate the duration of a given phenomenon as well as accepting the relative imprecision of its dating (BAYLISS ET AL. 2007).In the European Neolithic there has been a longstanding tradition of inferring chronology by summing, first uncalibrated (OTTAWAY 1973; GEYH / MARET 1982; BREUNIG 1987), and then calibrated (AITCHISON ET AL. 1991) radiocarbon dates. This method similarly tends to produce inaccurate chronologies of exaggerated duration (BAYLISS ET AL. 2007, 9–11). For the fortunate few, in regions with favourable conditions in which timbers are preserved, dendrochronology can provide dates precise to a calendar year and even to a season within a given year, for example among the Pueblo settlements of the American Southwest or the Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements on the fringes of the Alps in west and central Europe (e.g. HERR 2001; MENOTTI 2004). In most regions, however, such preservation and such chronologies are exceptional

    Les mutuelles de santé subventionnées comme instruments de la Couverture Maladie Universelle au Sénégal

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    Les premiĂšres mutuelles de santĂ© Ă  base communautaire ont Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă©es Ă  la fin des annĂ©es 1980 au SĂ©nĂ©gal, et se sont multipliĂ©es dans le courant des annĂ©es 1990. Leur dĂ©veloppement a cependant Ă©tĂ© freinĂ© par la faible capacitĂ© contributive des mĂ©nages ainsi que la faible attractivitĂ© du paquet de soins proposĂ©. L’Etat s’est progressivement engagĂ© dans le soutien aux mutuelles de santĂ©, mettant en place un cadre juridique et des structures d’appui Ă  la promotion et au dĂ©veloppement de ces organisations communautaires. Un tournant dĂ©cisif a eu lieu en 2013, avec la mise en Ɠuvre de la politique de Couverture Maladie Universelle (CMU), qui a abouti Ă  la crĂ©ation d’une mutuelle de santĂ© dans chaque commune du pays et vise, Ă  travers ces organisations communautaires, Ă  couvrir contre le risque maladie l’ensemble de la population des secteurs rural et informel. Pour encourager l’adhĂ©sion de la population, le paquet de soins couvert par les mutuelles de santĂ© a Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rablement Ă©largi et harmonisĂ© Ă  l’échelle du pays et une politique de subvention Ă©tatique de la cotisation est mise en Ɠuvre. Notre recherche vise Ă  Ă©tudier le processus d’élaboration de cette politique de CMU, ainsi qu’à analyser les consĂ©quences de sa mise en Ɠuvre sur le fonctionnement des mutuelles de santĂ© dans le dĂ©partement de Kaolack. BasĂ©e sur une approche de terrain de type socio-anthropologique, notre analyse repose sur des matĂ©riaux qualitatifs issus d’entretiens semi-directifs avec diffĂ©rentes parties prenantes ainsi que d’observations non-participantes. Les donnĂ©es quantitatives disponibles ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es et analysĂ©es. La stratĂ©gie de « DĂ©centralisation de l’Assurance Maladie (DECAM) » Ă  travers les mutuelles de santĂ© Ă  base communautaire trouve son origine dans un projet pilote Ă©laborĂ© et mis en Ɠuvre par Abt-Associates. Elle s’est progressivement imposĂ©e face Ă  d’autres projets de dĂ©veloppement de l’assurance maladie pour les secteurs rural et informel. Des moyens techniques et financiers considĂ©rables ont Ă©tĂ© mis en Ɠuvre par l’Etat et ses partenaires pour soutenir le dĂ©veloppement et la professionnalisation des mutuelles de santĂ© Ă  base communautaire depuis 2013. Bien que les responsables mutualistes perçoivent ces nouvelles modalitĂ©s de collaboration comme une opportunitĂ© unique de dĂ©veloppement du systĂšme, ce partenariat n’est pas exempt de tensions. Les principes Ă  la base de ces organisations communautaires et leurs logiques de fonctionnement peuvent entrer en contradiction avec celles de l’Etat. Largement tributaires des financements Ă©tatiques, qui subsidient entiĂšrement la cotisation d’une majoritĂ© de leurs membres et rĂ©munĂšrent leurs gĂ©rants, les mutuelles de santĂ© doivent trouver un Ă©quilibre entre autonomie, reprĂ©sentation communautaire et prestation de service public. Face aux retards de paiement de l’Etat, elles doivent Ă©galement mettre en place de nouvelles stratĂ©gies pour garder leur crĂ©dibilitĂ© face aux prestataires de soins et Ă©viter la cessation de paiement. Enfin, l’augmentation du taux de pĂ©nĂ©tration et le recouvrement des cotisations constituent encore aujourd’hui des dĂ©fis majeurs, face Ă  une population qui reste perplexe et ce, malgrĂ© les campagnes de promotion et de sensibilisation dĂ©ployĂ©es depuis de nombreuses annĂ©es.ARC Effi-Sant
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