Solving Erosion and Corrosion Problems in Jordanian-Potash Company

The amount of surface material eroded by solid particles in a fluid stream depends on the conditions of fluid flow and on the mechanism of material removal. The paper  first analyses the mechanism of material removal for ductile and brittle materials. For ductile material, it is noted that erosion produced by particles striking the surface at shallow angles (  but the maximum erosion in brittle materials at perpendicular impact at ( . In  this paper ductile materials (steel alloys) are studied, then the paper discussed some aspects of the fluid flow conditions which may lead to erosion. Kind of pipe which connect between pumps and factory in Potash Company-Jordan is a carbon steel pipe. Because of large pressure from pumps (10 bar) and huge mass flow rate (about 700(m3 /hr)), particles (KCl, NaCl, ,MgCl) will strike with inner of pipe, erosion will happen, so a pipe will destroyed after many years. This problem considered costly, where Arab Potash Company is changing this pipe every seven years. Keywords: Erosion, Corrosion, Pipe System, Cracks, Fluid Flow, Steel Alloys, Brittle, Ductile

BADANIE WPŁYWU UŁAMKOWEJ LICZBY SZCZELIN BIEGUNÓW NA GENERACJĘ TURBINY WIATROWEJ PRZY UŻYCIU ULEPSZONEGO ALGORYTMU OPTYMALIZACJI CĘTKOWANEJ HIENY

The design of machines with permanent magnets is actively developing day by day and is often used in wind energy. The main advantages of such variable speed drives are high efficiency, high power density and torque density. When designing a wind generator with two rotors and permanent magnets, it is necessary to solve such a problem as the correct choice of the number of poles and slots to increase efficiency and minimize the cost of the machine. In this work, an improved spotted hyena optimization algorithm is used to obtain the optimal combination of slots and poles. This optimization algorithm makes it possible to obtain the number of fractional slots per pole and evaluate the operating efficiency of a wind generator with a double rotor and ferrite magnets. At the first stage of machine design, various combinations of slots are installed. Next, the optimal combination is selected from various slot-pole combinations, taking into account the Enhanced Spotted Hyena Optimization (ESHO) algorithm, in which a multi-objective function is configured. Accordingly, the multi-objectives are the integration of reverse electromotive force, output torque, gear torque, flux linkage, torque ripple along with losses. Analysis of the results obtained shows that the proposed algorithm for determining the optimal slot combination is more efficient than other slot combinations. It has also been found that the choice of slot and pole combination is critical to the efficient operation of permanent magnet machines.Projektowanie maszyn z magnesami trwałymi aktywnie rozwija się z dnia na dzień i jest często wykorzystywane w energetyce wiatrowej. Głównymi zaletami takich napędów o zmiennej prędkości są wysoka sprawność, wysoka gęstość mocy i gęstość momentu obrotowego. Podczas projektowania generatora wiatrowego z dwoma wirnikami i magnesami trwałymi konieczne jest rozwiązanie takiego problemu, jak prawidłowy dobór liczby biegunów i szczelin w celu zwiększenia wydajności i zminimalizowania kosztów maszyny. W niniejszej pracy zastosowano ulepszony algorytm optymalizacji hieny plamistej w celu uzyskania optymalnej kombinacji szczelin i biegunów. Ten algorytm optymalizacji umożliwia uzyskanie liczby ułamkowych szczelin na biegun i ocenę wydajności operacyjnej generatora wiatrowego z podwójnym wirnikiem i magnesami ferrytowymi. Na pierwszym etapie projektowania maszyny instalowane są różne kombinacje szczelin. Następnie wybierana jest optymalna kombinacja spośród różnych kombinacji szczelin i biegunów, biorąc pod uwagę algorytm Enhanced Spotted Hyena Optimization (ESHO) (ulepszony algorytm optymalizacjihieny cętkowanej hieny), w którym skonfigurowana jest funkcja wielocelowa. W związku z tym, celami wielozadaniowymi są integracja odwrotnej siły elektromotorycznej, wyjściowego momentu obrotowego, momentu obrotowego przekładni, połączenia strumienia, tętnienia momentu obrotowego wraz ze stratami. Analiza uzyskanych wyników pokazuje, że proponowany algorytm określania optymalnej kombinacji szczelin jest bardziej wydajny niż inne kombinacje szczelin. Stwierdzono również, że wybór kombinacji szczelin i biegunów ma kluczowe znaczenie dla wydajnej pracy maszyn z magnesami trwałymi

RESEARCH THE EFFECT OF THE FRACTIONAL NUMBER SLOTS OF POLE ON WIND TURBINE GENERATION USING THE ENHANCED SPOTTED HYENA OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM

The design of machines with permanent magnets is actively developing day by day and is often used in wind energy. The main advantages of such variable speed drives are high efficiency, high power density and torque density. When designing a wind generator with two rotors and permanent magnets, it is necessary to solve such a problem as the correct choice of the number of poles and slots to increase efficiency and minimize the cost of the machine. In this work, an improved spotted hyena optimization algorithm is used to obtain the optimal combination of slots and poles. This optimization algorithm makes it possible to obtain the number of fractional slots per pole and evaluate the operating efficiency of a wind generator with a double rotor and ferrite magnets. At the first stage of machine design, various combinations of slots are installed. Next, the optimal combination is selected from various slot-pole combinations, taking into account the Enhanced Spotted Hyena Optimization (ESHO) algorithm, in which a multi-objective function is configured. Accordingly, the multi-objectives are the integration of reverse electromotive force, output torque, gear torque, flux linkage, torque ripple along with losses. Analysis of the results obtained shows that the proposed algorithm for determining the optimal slot combination is more efficient than other slot combinations. It has also been found that the choice of slot and pole combination is critical to the efficient operation of permanent magnet machines

Constructing Control System for Active Suspension

Abstract This paper presents a control system for active Suspension systems which have been widely applied to vehicles, right from the horse-drawn carriages with flexible leaf springs fixed at the four corners, to the modern automobiles with complex control algorithms. This implementation includes constructing the transfer function of the control system then making a simulation using MATLAB software. It is found that active suspension system improves ride comfort even at resonant frequency. For step input the of 0.08 m, the sprung mass displacement has been reduced by 25 % which shows the improvement in ride comfort and sprung mass acceleration reduced by 89.93% .The suspension travel has been reduced by 74.64% and tire deflection has reduced by 89.73% .For the real application in vehicles, the proposed active suspension structure faces inevitably some challenges including the cost, the required space in vehicle and power consumption

Effects of temperature on noise reduction in diesel particulate filters (DPFs)

Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Turkey, 19-21 July, 2010.The temperature of exhaust gasses plays a significant role in the DPFs' performance. DPF is a device that is responsible (in addition to exhaust emissions reduction) for making noise reduction (which is usually measured by noise reduction factor (NRF)) of noise resulted from engines. Temperature of exhaust gases has a considerable effect on such filters performance. Temperatures' effects on the performance of those filters is studied and investigated here, and a relation between noise reduction factor and temperature will be constructed. Analytical or/and numerical techniques will be used here to execute the study to construct the mentioned relation.ej201

CONVERTING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES\u27 EXHAUST GASES KINETIC ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Over time, clean and affordable energy sources are being embraced to meet the rising global energy demand. This paper reviews kinetic energy harvesting from wastes as a potential localized power supply for automobiles accessories. Multiple sustainable solutions have been developed because of the renewable resources\u27 fast-growing importance and contribution to the field of power generation. Additionally, pollution in the atmosphere is getting worse every day, which is the largest threat to life of human. In the suggested study, waste air from the exhaust system can be used and transformed into power utilizing energy-conversion techniques. The proposed concept can be used to provide vehicles with an alternate source of electricity. The suggested design aims to convert gasses kinetic energy into a useful electrical source which can be used in energized cars\u27 accessories like lighting system and other electronic units or as an optional stored energy source

Four-Port Noise Model for the Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF)

Abstract This work presents a 2-D field model for the study of sound propagation in a diesel particulate filter (DPF) unit. The 2-D model is formulated using Navier-stocks, energy, and continuity equations in which the normal as well as transverse component of gas velocity are retained. Temperature, pressure, density, and velocities variations with time are assumed to be harmonic. By substituting these quantities in the governing Navier-stock, energy, and continuity equations, a set of 2-D partial differential equations with respect to space are obtained . The obtained 2-D partial differential equations are solved using an approximate Fourier series expansions. The main outcome of this approximate analytical study is a 2-D acoustic model for the exhaust gases emission, with the existence of the diesel particulate filter. The approximate 2-D model is used in this work for calculating values of wave propagation constant which includes both attenuation and phase shift, finding the acoustics impedance of the DPF unit, comparing between different types of the DPF based on sound transmission losses, soot loading and on noise and vibration damping characteristics, in addition to calculating the noise reduction factor (NRF). The obtained results are compared with those presented by other investigators and a good agreement and improvements can be noticed for the presented study