Patient-centered endodontic outcomes: a narrative review.

IntroductionRoot canal treatment (RCT) success criteria inform us of the path to bony healing and of prognostic factors, but tell little about how the patient perceives, feels, or values RCT. Patients choose, undergo, and pay for RCT, they live with the result, and inform their community. The purpose of this narrative review was to appraise patient-centered outcomes of initial non-surgical RCT and nonsurgical retreatment, in adults.Materials and methodsPatient-centered RCT outcome themes were identified in the extant literature: quality of life, satisfaction, anxiety, fear, pain, tooth survival and cost. Narrative review was applied because the disparate themes and data were unsuited to systematic review or meta-analysis.ResultsApplication of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) demonstrated that disease of pulpal origin affects quality of life with moderate severity, primarily through physical pain and psychological discomfort, and that RCT results in broad improvement of quality of life. Satisfaction with RCT is extremely high, but cost is the primary reason for dissatisfaction. Anxiety and fear affect RCT patients, profoundly influencing their behaviors, including treatment avoidance, and their pain experience. Fear of pain is "fair" to "very much" prior to RCT. Pain is widely feared, disliked, and remembered; however, disease of pulpal origin generally produces moderate, but not severe pain. RCT causes a dramatic decrease in pain prevalence and severity over the week following treatment. Survival rates of teeth after RCT are very high; complication rates are low. Cost is a barrier to RCT, but initial costs, lifetime costs, cost effectiveness, cost utility, and cost benefit all compare extremely well to the alternatives involving replacement using implants or fixed prostheses.ConclusionDentists must strive to reduce anxiety, fear, experienced and remembered pain, and to accurately inform and educate their patients with respect to technical, practical and psychosocial aspects of RCT

Patient-Centered Endodontic Outcomes: A Narrative Review

Introduction: Root canal treatment (RCT) success criteria inform us of the path to bony healing and of prognostic factors, but tell little about how the patient perceives, feels, or values RCT. Patients choose, undergo, and pay for RCT, they live with the result, and inform their community. The purpose of this narrative review was to appraise patient-centered outcomes of initial non-surgical RCT and nonsurgical retreatment, in adults. Materials and Methods: Patient-centered RCT outcome themes were identified in the extant literature: quality of life, satisfaction, anxiety, fear, pain, tooth survival and cost. Narrative review was applied because the disparate themes and data were unsuited to systematic review or meta-analysis. Results: Application of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) demonstrated that disease of pulpal origin affects quality of life with moderate severity, primarily through physical pain and psychological discomfort, and that RCT results in broad improvement of quality of life. Satisfaction with RCT is extremely high, but cost is the primary reason for dissatisfaction. Anxiety and fear affect RCT patients, profoundly influencing their behaviors, including treatment avoidance, and their pain experience. Fear of pain is “fair” to “very much” prior to RCT. Pain is widely feared, disliked, and remembered; however, disease of pulpal origin generally produces moderate, but not severe pain. RCT causes a dramatic decrease in pain prevalence and severity over the week following treatment. Survival rates of teeth after RCT are very high; complication rates are low. Cost is a barrier to RCT, but initial costs, lifetime costs, cost effectiveness, cost utility, and cost benefit all compare extremely well to the alternatives involving replacement using implants or fixed prostheses. Conclusion: Dentists must strive to reduce anxiety, fear, experienced and remembered pain, and to accurately inform and educate their patients with respect to technical, practical and psychosocial aspects of RCT

An Anthropometric Investigation of Index Finger Length Ratio to Ring Finger (2d:4d) in Men with Schizophrenia Living in Khorasan Razavi

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a group of mental disorders that its main characteristics are failure to understand reality and inability to do daily tasks. Anthropometry, which is a type of biometrics, is a science that measures the dimensions and angles of body parts, as well as skin lines and fingerprints on living people. Perhaps knowledge about natural features of finger dimensions provides useful information in the field of medical anthropometry. Therefore, anthropometric properties of the fingers can be used to identify and develop research in this topic. And given that finger length, like brain development, is formed by a family of developmental genes. So, the objective was to find a link between brain violation and finger length. Methods: This study was a case-control and cross-sectional sampling was done in the one-year. The index and ring finger lengths of both hands in 62 men with schizophrenia and 72 healthy subjects who were not diagnosed and aged 18 to 65 years old living in Khorasan Razavi were measured by digital caliper. Results: Significant differences were observed between the average index finger lengths (2d:4d) in men’s right hand of healthy men and men with schizophrenia. Among other variables, significant differences weren’t observed between healthy and patients. Conclusion: It may seem that the results above are used by methods for genetic studies of biometric changes in patients with schizophrenia from the index finger length ratio to the right and left ring fingers for further studies to make an estimation and generation. It’s essential to spread the similar statistical research wider statistical societies. Conflict of Interest Declaration: Not declared

Population genetic structure and performing assignment test on six Iranian native goats using simple sequence repeat markers

The native goat breeds could be better managed and their genetic diversity to be conserved through identification of population genetic structure. Total of 299 animals from six goat breeds, which are major native breeds of Iran, were used to study their genetic structure and understand relationship among the breeds using SSR markers on 13 microsatellite loci. The breeds were selected from different geographic regions of Iran. The results indicated that there is high genetic diversity at the population level (HS of 0.78) and at the species level (HT of 0.86). The level of inbreeding was low across the breeds and even genetic diversion was observed among them, indicating a low level of gene flow at the regional scale. Some level of admixtures was observed among breeds, which supported by clustering of the breeds based on their geographic origin. Analysis of the population genetic structure indicated that all breeds are grouped into four clusters. The assignment accuracy per locus ranged from 40.1% (BM4621) to 66.9% (oarJMP23). The assignment power of microsatellites based on the Bayesian method had positive correlation with the number of alleles and gene differentiation coefficient (Gst) per locus. In conclusion, this study provided a genetic profile for the conservation and improvement and origin of the studied breeds

Anticonvulsant treatments of dysphoric mania: a trial of gabapentin, lamotrigine and carbamazepine in Iran

The treatment of dysphoric mania is challenging given the need to treat symptoms of both depression and mania simultaneously without provoking any clinical exacerbation. The newer antiepileptic drugs such as gabapentin, lamotrogine, and carbamazepine are often used as adjuncts to either lithium or valproic acid in the treatment of bipolar disorder. We decided to undertake a monotherapy trial because previous evidence suggested mixed states may be more responsive to anticonvulsants than more traditional antimanic agents. 51 patients with a DSM IV diagnosis of dysphoric mania were randomized to three groups comprising gapbapentin, lamotrogine or carbamazepine and followed for 8 weeks. Psychiatric diagnosis was verified by the structural clinical interview for the DSM-IV (SCID). The MMPI-2 in full was used to assess symptoms at baseline and 8 weeks. All three groups showed significant changes in MMPI-2 scores for depression and mania subscales. Gabapentin showed the greatest change in depression symptom improvement relative to lamotrogine and carbamazepine, respectively. Although manic symptoms improved overall, here were no differences between groups in the degree of manic symptom improvement

Churg-Strauss syndrome following cessation of allergic desensitization vaccination: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Churg-Strauss syndrome is a vasculitis of medium to small sized vessels. Diagnosis is mainly clinical with findings of asthma, eosinophilia, rhinosinusitis and signs of vasculitis in major organs.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We present a case of a 19-year-old Persian male who developed signs and symptoms of this syndrome related to hyposensitization treatments for allergy control.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>No unifying etiology for the disease can be presented as it is found associated with environmental factors, medications, infections and is even considered a variant of asthma with predisposition to vasculitic involvement. Therefore, it is important to recognize this disease and be aware of underdiagnosis because of emphasis on pathologic evidence. Here, we present a case of allergic desensitization causing Churg-Strauss syndrome in the absence of other known factors.</p

Marginal Microleakage of Conventional Fissure Sealants and Self-Adhering Flowable Composite as Fissure Sealant in Permanent Teeth

Objectives: Application of sealants is a safe and effective way to prevent occlusal caries in the posterior teeth. A successful sealant therapy depends on good isolation. Decreased steps of adhesive application may enable proper isolation and use of self-adhering flowable composites for sealant therapy. This study sought to compare the marginal microleakage of fissure sealants and self-adhering flowable composites in permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on 60 extracted human premolar teeth. The teeth were divided randomly into two groups of 30. In the first group, fissure sealant (Clinpro, 3M ESPE, USA) was placed on the teeth. In the second group, self-adhering flowable composite (Vertise Flow, Kerr, USA) was applied as the sealant. Then, both groups were immersed in 0.5% fuchsin dye solution for 24 hours. Sectioned samples were observed with a stereomicroscope for the extent of dye penetration. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 and the Mann-Whitney test (P<0.05). Results: Microleakage in the fissure sealant group was significantly higher than that in the self-adhering flowable composite group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Microleakage was less using self-adhering flowable composite compared to conventional fissure sealant; therefore, self-adhering flowable composite can be used as a suitable fissure sealant in permanent teeth

Estimation of genetic, phenotypic and environmental trends for body weights at different ages in Lori sheep

Introduction Lori sheep is one of the most important breeds in Iran that is mostly bred in Lorestan province, north-east of Khuzestan and some areas of Ilam provinces. The name of this breed is derived from Lori tribe, which is one of the major nomadic groups of Zagros Mountain in western areas of Iran. Lori sheep is resistant to mountain conditions and hot and dry plains. This sheep breed has strong constitution, good traveling ability with suitable conformation as a mountain sheep. It is one of the predisposed breeds to fattening and often is traditionally kept by villagers and nomadic tribes in the area. In such a system output is lower than in an intensive system. Meat production in Iran is one of the most valuable traits for livestock breeders. Also, sheep meat has remarkable values rather than the meat of other animals and is popular between people. Thus accurate estimations of genetic parameters of these traits are considered by breeders. Accurate prediction of breeding value of animals is one of the best tools available to maximize genetic gain. Success of a breeding programme can be evaluated by actual change in breeding value expressed as a proportion of expected theoretical change of the breeding value mean for the trait under selection. Several methods are being developed to measuring the genetic changes in the animal population. Carrying out experiments in comparable environmental conditions over a period of several generations is difficult, thus genetic trend estimation is problematic over time and changes in performance may reflect, to some extent, both environmental and genetic changes. In order to overcome such a problem, Hill (1972) proposed that by simultaneously maintaining a control population it is possible to removing the effect of environmental changes, but this is not cost-effective, particularly over a long period of time. Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) is the best approach for prediction of breeding values and estimation genetic gain. Little information is available on the estimation genetic trends for body weight traits in Lori sheep. Hereupon the objective of the present study was to estimate genetic, phenotypic and environmental trends for body weight traits at different ages in Lori sheep to assess the breeding programmes. Material and Methods In the current study, 6440, 5646, 5073 and 4757 records of birth weight (BW), weaning weigh (WW), 6-month weigh (6MW) and 9-month weigh (9MW) of Lori sheep were used. Data were collected from 2001 to 2010 by the agricultural and natural resources research centre of Lorestan province Lorestan Agricultural & Natural Resources Research Center. Direct and maternal heritability were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood by fitting six uni-variate animal models. Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) was used to selecting (to select or in/for selecting) the most appropriate model for each trait. Breeding values were estimated by the best model for uni-variate analysis. Genetic, phenotypic and environmental trends were calculated by regression of means of predicted breeding values, phenotypic means and difference between estimated means of breeding values and phenotypic means on birth year for each trait, respectively. Wombat software was performed to obtaining direct and maternal (co) variance components and heritability estimations for body weight at different ages in Lori sheep. Genetic trends analyses were performed by the regression procedure of the SAS software package. Results and Discussion The phenotypic trends for BW, WW, 6MW and 9MW were 0.016, 0.065, 0.032 and -0.783 kg per year, respectively. The direct genetic trends for BW, WW, 6MW and 9MW were 0.008, 0.001, 0.055 and 0.076 kg per year, respectively. The direct genetic trends were significant for all of the traits with the exception of 9MW. Genetic gain for BW, WW, 6MW and 9MW were 0.061, 0.007, 0.139 and 0.150 kg after 10 years, respectively. Hence, genetic gain for all of the studied traits was low. Conclusion In studied flock, the effective major factors in low genetic gain were the lack of a proper selection criteria and environmental and management conditions changes. Agricultural Jihad Organisation of Lorestan province has performed a breeding programme to improvinge Lori sheep by replacing the original breed rams in local flocks. This approach is very suitable and it is necessary to continue. Economic selection index method is an important tool that can help to improving (improving/to improve) genetic progress for body weight traits at Lori sheep