Causes of Deforestation and Its Effects on Different Factors in Rural Community of District Swat-Pakistan

Forest play key role in the development of a country. They provide wood, medicinal plants, grazing field to livestock and protection to the natural habitat while also generate job to rural community of district Swat. Seeing to its importance the present study was conducted in 2015 in rural area of District swat. The major objectives were to find out the causes of deforestation and its effects on different factors in rural community of the study area. On the basis of more surrounding forest three villages namely Charma , Sulathan and Gamsir were selected and through proportional allocate sampling techniques 53, 23 and 34 respondents were chosen respectively. Through interview schedule data were collected from the respondents and used descriptive statistics and chi-square test for analysis. Results indicate 47 % respondents were literate; 45% family size was estimated 6-10 members; 82% respondents were knowledge about excessive deforestation in the study area. Major causes of deforestation were found usage of wood for cooking and construction of houses. The result further revealed that all the community population is responsible for deforestation for not using available alternative resources to overcome timber mafia, overgrazing field, increased commercial usage and migrations towards to forest area for survival basses. Result further explained that there was high impact of deforestation on climate change in the form of irregular pattern of rainfall, snowfall, floods, soil erosion, decreasing of fodder quantity for animal and unfavorable environment for wildlife habitats in the study area. On the basis of causes majority respondents recommend campaigns, trainings programs, seminars and workshop for awareness, to care the forest in future. Generate employment opportunities in the study area for livelihood means for not cutting the forest trees by local community in the study area; to launch reforestation programs on seasonal basis ; Proper monitoring for check and balance of forest by forest department and appointment of honest staffs for further enhancement of forest growth is required. Keywords: Causes, Deforestation, Effects on different factors, Rural Community , District Swa

Post-liberalisation Efficiency and Productivity of the Banking Sector in Pakistan

It has been long debated in economic literature whether financial markets play a significant role in economic growth and development. [For review see Gertler (1988) and Levine (1997)]. Findings of some recent empirical literature show that well-functioning financial system plays an instrumental role in economic growth, and the causality runs from finance to growth [for cross country evidences see King and Levine (1993, 1993a); Levine and Zervos (1998); Levine, Loayza and Beck (1999); Beck, Levine, and Loayza (1999)]. This, in turn, has led to a search for the key factors that determine the better functioning financial markets. Within the banking sector, efficiency is the core concern of both academics and bank officials. A number of studies have sought to measure the efficiency of financial institutions, to identify the factors that contribute to efficiency of financial system, and to recommend the ways to attain the peer group efficiency levels [Berg (1993); Leaven (1999); Berger and Mester (1997); Miller and Noulas (1996)]

The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification between Leadership and Job Security: A case of Teachers in Private institutions of Punjab-Pakistan

In the business environment today job security is an important and primary requirement of the employees as the employees’ turnover rate is haphazardly increasing in different industrial sectors. This study determines the impact of leadership and organizational identification on the job security of teachers in the private institutions Punjab, Pakistan and the mediation of organizational identification is also tested. Data is analyzed by using Smart partial least squares structural equation modeling (Smart-PLS-SEM). Many teachers suffer from low job security that not only affect them internally but also affect their work performance. Therefore the main objective of our research is to determine the responsible factors which affect the job security of teachers working in the private educational institutions operationalized under BISE Punjab. In this paper, the parameters used for determining the job security of teachers are; Leadership, and organizational identification and mediating role of organizational identification between leadership and job security is also tested. During this study, 150 teachers from different private institutions operational in Punjab were asked to fill up the questionnaires containing a total of 32 items including different numbers of questions related to each determinant. The results showed that the determinants can explain the job security of the teachers up to a significant level. However, regression analysis and validity analysis proves that they are good predictors of job security of the employees (teachers). Beside these conclusions, this paper introduced other scientific queries and issues regarding the different types of relations or connections among the determinants and hence gives probable pathways to explain or interpret the relations

Evaluation of Brassica Juncea Germplasm through heritability estimation and correlation analysis

The experimental material was planted at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar to estimate genetic parameters of heritability and correlation for yield traits of indigenous Brassica Juncea genotypes. RCB design with three replications was used to sow 20 Brassica genotypes. Highly significant genetic variations were obtained among studied parameters. Days to half flowering revealed positive associations with primary branches per plant (r= 0.337**). Primary branches per plant was positively correlated with pod length (r= 0.407**), seed per pod (r= 0.418**) seed yield per plant (r= 0.479**). Similarly, pod length showed positive correlation with seed per pod (r= 0.324*) and seed yield per plant (r= 0.331**), while seed per pod was positively correlated with seed yield per plant (r= 0.878**). Highest broad-sense heritability was recorded for seed yield per plant (0.97), while lowest heritability was estimated for primary branches per plant (0.46)

On the Spectral properties of power graphs over certain groups

The power graph $P(\Omega)$ of a group $\Omega$ is a graph with the vertex set $\Omega$ such that two distinct vertices form an edge if and only if one of them is an integral power of the other. In this article, we determine the power graph of the group $\mathcal{G} = \langle s,r \, : r^{2^kp} = s^2 = e,~ srs^{-1} = r^{2^{k-1}p-1}\rangle$. Further, we compute its characteristic polynomial for the adjacency, Laplacian, and signless Laplacian matrices associated with this power graph. In addition, we determine its spectrum, Laplacian spectrum, and Laplacian energy.Comment: 17 page

Anti-nociceptive effect of Caralluma edulis on peripheral and central pain pathways

The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the phytochemical content and analgesic effect of Caralluma edulis (Ce.Cr). Established methods were used for phytochemical analysis of plant. The anti-nociceptic activity of Ce.Cr was scrutinized using acetic acid-induced writhings, tail immersion and hot plate methods. Ce.Cr was tested positive for the presence of therapeutically active metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenol, tannins, terpenoids and saponins. Ce.Cr at the dose of 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal writhes and increase the latency time to thermal stimuli in both tail immersion and hot plate tests, similar to standard drug. These results showed that the ethanolic extract of Caralluma edulis possesses anti-nociceptive property

Determinants of capital structure : an empirical study of KSE listed MNCs in Pakistan

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are generally financed with a mixture of internal debt and equity from the parent corporation. Yet, financial theory has relatively little to say regarding the capital structure and its determinants in an international setting. This research empirically examines the major determinants of capital structure decisions of Multinational Corporations listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange for the period 2005-2017. The data was studied using panel data regression analysis. Results suggest that apart from traditional determinants such as profitability, tangibility, size, Non Debt Tax Shield (NDTS) etc., specific international factors such as political risk, exchange rate risk, agency costs and bankruptcy costs are relevant to the multinational capital structure decision. The results are broadly consistent with theory. It is therefore recommended that the management of listed MNCs in Pakistan should always consider their positions using these capital structure determinants as important inputs before embarking on debt financing decision.peer-reviewe

Anti-diarrheal, anti-secretory, anti-spasmodic and antiulcer activities of Acacia modesta (Mimosaceae) aerial parts

Purpose: To explore the pharmacological basis for folkloric use of Acacia modesta for treating diarrhea and gastrointestinal spasm.Methods: Acacia modesta crude extract (Am.Cr) for antidiarrheal activity (100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg) was investigated in terms of reduction in diarrhea droppings in castor-oil induced diarrhea, while antisecretory activity (300 and 1000 mg/kg) was studied in castor-oil induced model in mice. Isolated rabbit jejunum tissues were employed for in vitro experiments. For antiulcer assay, ethanol-induced gastrointestinal ulcer rat model was used.Results: Am.Cr tested positive for alkaloid, tannins and flavonoids. It exhibited protective effect against castor oil-induced diarrhea and intestinal fluid accumulation in mice at 100 - 1000 mg/kg, similar to the standard drugs, loperamide and atropine respectively. In isolated tissue (rabbit jejunum), Am.Cr concentration-dependently (0.01 - 3.0 mg/mL) produced relaxation of K+ (80 mM)-induced and spontaneous contractions at concentrations to papaverine. Am.Cr significantly inhibited (p < 0.001) ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. In acute toxicity testing Am.Cr did not produce any mortality up to 5 g/kg dose.Conclusion: These results show that Acacia modesta possesses anti-diarrheal, anti-secretory, antispasmodic and anti-ulcer activities, probably mediated through dual mechanisms, including Ca2+ influx and PDE enzyme(s) inhibition. The presence of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids and tannins, suggest the validity of the acclaimed ethnomedicinal effects in hyperactive gut disorders.Keywords: Acacia modesta, Antidiarrheal, Antisecretory, Antispasmodic, Antiulce