Pemantauan Senyawa Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Ddt) dan Turunannya di Daerah Cianjur, Jawa Barat

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) merupakan senyawa organik yang relatif bertahan lama di lingkungan, sulit terdegradasi melalui proses kimia, biologi, dan fotolisis serta sukar larut di dalam air tetapi cenderung larut dalam lemak. Oleh karena sifatnya ini, POPs cenderung bersifat akumulatif dan bertahan di lingkungan. Selain itu, sen­yawa ini juga bersifat semivolatil sehingga dapat berada dalam fase uap ataupun terserap di dalam partikel debu, sehingga POPs dapat menempuh jarak yang jauh di udara (long-range air transport) sebelum akhirnya terdepo­sisi di bumi. Dari beberapa bentuk senyawa POPs, senyawa insektisida organoklorin yang paling bertahan lama dan mempunyai sifat bioakumulasi, diantaranya adalah Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ( DDT ). Pemantauan kualitas lingkungan akibat pencemaran kelompok senyawa POPs, termasuk senyawa DDT dan turunannya telah dilakukan didaerah holtikultura Cianjur. Sampel diambil di beberapa lokasi yaitu PLTA Cijedil, Desa Cibeureum, Desa Sukatani, Agropolitan, dan Desa Sindang Jaya. Matriks yang diambil adalah air, sedimen sungai, dan tanah pertanian/perkebunan. Sampling air dan sedimen sungai dilakukan dengan metode sesaat sedangkan untuk tanah, menggunakan metode komposit tempat. Pemantauan ini mempunyai tujuan untuk menginventarisir jenis dan kon­sentrasi residu senyawa POPs yang terdapat di lingkungan terutama DDT dan turunannya. Isomer DDT yang paling banyak terbentuk di lingkungan adalah p,p\u27-DDT ( 80 % ) dan o,p\u27-DDT ( 20 % ). Senyawa POPs diekstrak dengan menggunakan pelarut organik, kemudian di clean-up dan dianalisis dengan GCMS menggunakan kolom kapiler non polar. Pada pemantauan tahun 2011, senyawa p,p\u27-DDT tidak terdeteksi dalam sampel sedimen, tetapi pada tahun 2012, ditemukan sekitar 3.7 ng/g dalam sedimen Sungai Cibeureum dekat PLTA Cijedil, Cugenang -Jawa Barat dan meningkat sebesar 6.95 ng/g pada tahun 2012 di lokasi yang sama. Masih pada tahun 2011, p,p\u27-DDT dan p,p\u27-DDE ditemukan tertinggi di tanah perkebunan Desa Sindang Jaya, Cipanas – Jawa Barat sebesar 446 ng/g, dan 184 ng/g, Tahun 2012 dan 2013 DDT dan turunannya masih terdeteksi namun konsentrasi cenderung menurun. Sementara itu pada sampel air tidak ditemukan senyawa DDT dan turunanny

Atypical Profile Problem in Serological Diagnosis of EBV

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis. Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases are also associated with EBV. Diagnosis is frequently based on detection of specific antibodies. Using three parameters (anti VCA-IgM, anti VCA-IgG and anti EBNA-1 IgG), it is possible to define infection status and diagnose acute or past infection. However, sometimes the detection of atypical serological profiles makes it difficult to interpret these results. This study aims to evaluate the serological profiles of patient sera suspected of EBV infection and to determine atypical profiles. Sera of 2749 patients were analyzed between January 2014 and August 2016, in the Dokuz Eylul University Hospital Central Laboratory and evaluated retrospectively. Serum samples were tested for EBV VCA IgM and EBV VCA IgG antibodies with immunofluorescence test (Euroimmun, Germany), EBNA-1 IgG antibodies with enzyme immunoassay (Euroimmun, Germany). Medical files of the patients with two or more samples and have an atypical profile were reviewed. Patients were grouped as no EBV infection, acute infection, past infection and atypical serologic profile according to three routine laboratory assays (VCA IgG, VCA IgM and EBNA-1 IgG). Out of 2794 subjects 1334 (48.5%) were female and 1415 (51.5%) were male, with mean age 30 (< 1-89 years, median value: 27). The distribution of the results was; 72.5% past infection, 10.9% absence of EBV infection and 5.2% acute infection and 11.4% showed atypical serologic profile. Among the atypical profiles, isolated VCA-IgG positivity was the most frequent pattern detected in 7.9% which is followed by 2.7% of the cases with all three markers positive and 0.8% with isolated EBNA-1 IgG positivity. Off the patients, 72.5% were seropositive for EBV and this result is consistent with the seroprevalence studies previously conducted in Turkey. The rate of atypical profiles was 11.4% which is close to the result (15%) of another study performed in Izmir. Nearly one third of the patients with atypical serological profile had an immune disorder and it was possible to reach a conclusion only among half of the patients during serological follow-up. This study points out that clinical diagnosis and serologic follow-up is important for the interpretation of the atypical profiles