An analytical approach on defense expenditure and economic growth: the case of Turkey and Greece

The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between defense expenditure and economic growth for Turkey and Greece in the period of 1956-2003 using yearly data. Therefore we use Engle-Granger cointegration methodology and Granger causality test. It is found that these two variables are cointegrated for both countries studied. We found unidirectional causality running from economic growth to defense expenditure only for Turkey

An analytical approach on defense expenditure and economic growth: the case of Turkey and Greece

The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between defense expenditure and economic growth for Turkey and Greece in the period of 1956-2003 using yearly data. Therefore we use Engle-Granger cointegration methodology and Granger causality test. It is found that these two variables are cointegrated for both countries studied. We found unidirectional causality running from economic growth to defense expenditure only for Turkey

Design and Motion Control of a Lower Limb Robotic Exoskeleton

This chapter presents the results of research work on design, actuator selection and motion control of a lower extremity exoskeleton developed to provide legged mobility to spinal cord injured (SCI) individuals. The exoskeleton has two degrees of freedom per leg. Hip and knee joints are actuated in the sagittal plane by using DC servomotors. Additional effort supplied by user’s arms through crutches is defined as user support rate (USR). Experimentally determined USR values are considered in actuator torque computations for achieving a realistic actuator selection. A custom-embedded system is used to control exoskeleton. Reference joint trajectories are determined by using clinical gait analysis (CGA). Three-loop cascade controllers with current, velocity and position feedback are designed for controlling the joint motions of the exoskeleton. A non-linear ARX model is used to determine controller parameters. Overall performance and an assistive effect of WSE-2 are experimentally investigated by conducting tests with a paraplegic patient with T10 complete injury

Effects Of Oak Wood Chip Particle Size On Mycelial Growth Rate Of Lentinula Edodes

Bu çalışmada ekonomik değere sahip Lentinula edodes mantar türü (Shiitake) yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılan substrat içerisine ilave edilen meşe odunu parça büyüklüğünün, mantar miselinin substrat içerisindeki gelişimine bir etkisinin olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla iki grup ve beş farklı içerikte ortam hazırlanarak, mantar tohumluk miseli ile aşılanmış ve 45 günlük üretim süresinde misel gelişim hızı belirli aralıklarla ölçülerek gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuçta % 50 oranında meşe odunu talaşı kullanılan ortam içerisinde diğer denenen ortamlara kıyasla en iyi misel gelişimi saptanmıştır. Bu ortam içerisinde miseller 45 günde 15 cm ilerleme kaydederken % 50 oranında meşe odunu parçası kullanılan ortamda bu ilerleme sadece 11 cm olmuştur. Tüm ölçüm değerleri incelendiğinde meşe talaşı kullanımının farklı boyutlardaki meşe odunu parçası kullanımına göre yaklaşık olarak % 50 oranında daha hızlı misel ilerlemesine yol açtığı saptanmıştır.In this study, effects of oak wood chip size used in substrate which is used cultivation of Lentinula edodes (Shii-take), on mycelial growth rate of this mushroom was investigated. Five different substrates in two various group were prepared and spawned with Shii-take. Mycelial growth rate of organism were regularly measured during incubation period of 45 days. Results obtained from this study showed that best mycelial growth rate was determined in substrate which was mixed 50% wheat straw and 50% oak wood chip. Mycelial growth was measured in substrate which contain 50% oak chip 15 cm and measured in 50% oak wood piece substrate just 11 cm

Leading indicators of financial crises and affecting channels of countries economies: The case of Turkey

Küreselleşen dünyada, geçilen yüzyıl içinde çıkış noktaları ve sonuçları birbirinden farklı çeşitli krizler yaşanmıştır. Bir ülkede ortaya çıkan krizin diğer ülkelere sirayet etmesi mali ve ticari küreselleşmenin bir sonucu olarak düşünülebilir. Kriz, küreselleşme denizinde yüzen ülke ekonomilerinin farklı şiddetlerde mali fırtınalara yakalanmasıdır. Bu noktada yanıt aranması gereken soru, “Kriz geliyorum der mi?”dir. Çalışmamızda bu soruya yanıt aranacaktır. Literatürde, krizlerin önceden bilinebileceğine yönelik çeşitli “öncü göstergeler”in varlığı tartışılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, krizlerin Türkiye ekonomisine hangi kanallardan yansıdığı çeşitli öncü göstergeler ışığında araştırılacaktır.In a globalizing world, several crises with different causes and consequences have been experienced in the last century. It can be considered that financial crisis arising in a country spread to other countries as a result of financial and commercial globalization. Crisis is a situation where countries’ economies floating in the sea of globalization are caught to financial storms at different severity levels. The question to be answered at this point is “Does crises give a signal before it comes?” In this paper, we will investigate the answer of this question. In the related literature, the existence of various “leading indicators” is discussed. In this context we will investigate the channels through which crisis spread to the Turkish economy in the light of leading indicators

Tarım Alanlarından İzole Edilen Mikrofungusların Benomil Duyarlılıklarının Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışmada, farklı tarımsal ürünlerin yetiştirildiği alanlardan izole edilen mikrofungusların tarımsal üretimde sık kullanılan bir fungisit olan benomile karşı duyarlılık/dirençlilik durumları ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla mikrofungus izolatları katı besiyeri ortamında benomile direnç yönünden taranmış, dirençli olduğu görülen izolatlar sıvı besiyerine alınarak gelişimlerinin hangi oranlarda engellendiği anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında izole edilen 183 mikrofungus izolatından 23 tanesinin benomile direnç gösterdiği saptanmıştır. Benomilin bu dirençli türlerin gelişimini engelleme oranının %19 ile %66 arasında olduğu tespit edilmiştir

Effects Of Oak Wood Chip Particle Size On Mycelial Growth Rate Of Lentinula Edodes

Bu çalışmada ekonomik değere sahip Lentinula edodes mantar türü (Shiitake) yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılan substrat içerisine ilave edilen meşe odunu parça büyüklüğünün, mantar miselinin substrat içerisindeki gelişimine bir etkisinin olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla iki grup ve beş farklı içerikte ortam hazırlanarak, mantar tohumluk miseli ile aşılanmış ve 45 günlük üretim süresinde misel gelişim hızı belirli aralıklarla ölçülerek gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuçta % 50 oranında meşe odunu talaşı kullanılan ortam içerisinde diğer denenen ortamlara kıyasla en iyi misel gelişimi saptanmıştır. Bu ortam içerisinde miseller 45 günde 15 cm ilerleme kaydederken % 50 oranında meşe odunu parçası kullanılan ortamda bu ilerleme sadece 11 cm olmuştur. Tüm ölçüm değerleri incelendiğinde meşe talaşı kullanımının farklı boyutlardaki meşe odunu parçası kullanımına göre yaklaşık olarak % 50 oranında daha hızlı misel ilerlemesine yol açtığı saptanmıştır.In this study, effects of oak wood chip size used in substrate which is used cultivation of Lentinula edodes (Shii-take), on mycelial growth rate of this mushroom was investigated. Five different substrates in two various group were prepared and spawned with Shii-take. Mycelial growth rate of organism were regularly measured during incubation period of 45 days. Results obtained from this study showed that best mycelial growth rate was determined in substrate which was mixed 50% wheat straw and 50% oak wood chip. Mycelial growth was measured in substrate which contain 50% oak chip 15 cm and measured in 50% oak wood piece substrate just 11 cm

An analytical approach on defense expenditure and economic growth: The case of Turkey and Greece

Purpose – The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between defense expenditure and economic growth for Turkey and Greece in the period of 1956-2003 using yearly data. Design/methodology/approach – The Engle-Granger cointegration methodology and Granger causality test are used. Findings – It is found that these two variables are cointegrated for both countries studied. Unidirectional causality running from economic growth to defense expenditure is only found for Turkey. Originality/value – The paper investigates the long-run relationship between defense expenditure and economic growth by conducting cointegration and causality tests in the context of Turkey and Greece over the period 1956-2003.Defence sector, Economic growth, Expenditure, Greece, Turkey

Antibacterial activities of Calendula officinalis callus extract

The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of C. officinalis callus derived from cotyledon explants. Cotyledons excised from in vitro germinated seedlings were used as explants. Explants were transferred on MS medium supplemented with benzil amino purine (BAP; 2 mg l-1), α-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA; 2 mg l-1) for callus studies. The cultures were maintained on the same media compositions and were sub-cultured at an interval of 4 weeks. Callus cultures were harvested at the end of the 16th week. Calli were dried at 40̊ C in the dark for antimicrobial studies. Calendula officinalis callus extracts were tested for their antibacterial activities by using agar well diffusion method. Ethanol and chloroform extracts from these plants were assayed against nine bacteria species (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Salmonella typhimurium CCM 5445, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 6896, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047, and Kocuria rhizophila ATCC 9341). The test antibiotics penicillin G, novobiocin, amphicillin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin were used for comparison. Callus formation was observed at the end of the 5th week on cotyledon explants. C. officinalis callus extracts showed 38 mm inhibition zone against S. aureus, and chloroform extracts showed 32 mm inhibition zone against B. cereus. These results are very close to the test antibiotics used and C. officinalis is found more effective on gram positive bacteria