Monologism versus Dialogism: A Bakhtinian Approach to Teaching

Dialogic education is a teaching method which is in stark contrast with monologic teaching methods. Nowadays, the educational systems all around the world characterize monologic education in which the ideas and voices of the teachers are the first and last ones uttered in the classrooms, textbooks are aimed so that students learn how to speak and write “correctly” and the time extent of the class is so short that teachers are struggling to cover all the “important” points mandated in the textbooks and by educational authorities. In contrast in dialogic education, the teacher shares his or her authority with the students; the voices of the students are heard and their opinions are valuable. In a dialogic class, the students are divided into groups to practice “exploratory talk” and “think reasonably”. The aim in discussing different opinions is just that; discussing different opinions not winning or losing. The role of the teacher is to facilitate the process; he or she is not a judge or referee, he or she is simply a guide. A dialogic environment is like a carnival; to borrow from Bakhtin. There are no omnipresent powers. The current study shows that different components of Bakhtin’s dialogism concept including heteroglossia, carnival, and polyphony and so on can be a very good starting point for a modern and effective theoretical framework for learning and teaching processes

The Viewpoints of Faculty Members of Khorramabad School of Medicine, Iran, about the Horizontal Integration of Basic Medical Sciences Courses

Introduction: Integration, is the combination of curriculum content areas, which is separate in traditional curriculum of educational system. This study aimed to investigate the viewpoints of faculty members of school of medicine about the horizontal integration of basic medical sciences. Method: This was a qualitative content analysis study. The study population consisted of faculty members of Khorramabad School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, and research environment was the school of medicine. Depth interviews with 7 faculty members, who played role in the application of horizontal integration of basic medical sciences, were done. At the end, interview transcripts were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman content analysis method. Results: Among the advantages of this plan was that a number of faculties preferred to teach based on integration method. Problems related to integration consisted of four categories, “problems related to the courses”, “professors’ problems”, “problems related to rules and regulations of the plan”, and “problems related to the courses”. Conclusion: According to our findings, it seems the program can be useful in medical education, but first, it should be revised, and related problems should be solved. Keywords: Natural sciences, Curriculum, Medical student

A History of Distributional Development and Accumulative Development (A Study on Two Approaches toward Development:Islamic and Modernization of the Old)

Development and modernization have a history as long as the human history;  however,  the  relevant  theoretical  discussions  and theorizations  formed  mostly  after  world  war  the  second.  Just  the same,  the  relationship  and  association  of  these  issues  with  the religious  instructions,  particularly  the  Shiite  ones,  have  remained ambiguous. Of course, some suggestions have been presented after the Islamic revolution in this regard; however, they are not enough. Therefore, the questionswhich still remain to be answered are whether there  are  any  views  concerning  the  issue  of  the  theoretical development; and how they differ from the western views. It seems that  the  development  model  based  on  the  previous  modernization theories, which believed in the principle of the contrast between the traditionalism and modernism, are based on accumulation of wealth, and the first principle to be considered for them is negligence toward justice. However, the Shiite Islamic approach relies on distribution of the wealth and it emphasizes on the flow of the wealth, growth and development. The present article is the report of a comparative study of two development approaches, i.e. distributional and accumulative. The  distributional  model  is  based  on  the  divine‐Islamic  values; however, the western development model is based on discovering the nature in order to manipulate it, and it is a materialist approach

Accuracy of undiagnosed filling defects in hysterosalpingography by hysteroscopy in infertile women

Introduction: For many years, hysterosalpingography was considered as the gold standard for the diagnosis of uterine cavity abnormalities, and today, hysteroscopy has been proposed as a complementary method. The present study was conducted with aim to investigate the accuracy of findings of undiagnosed filling defects in hysterosalpingography by hysteroscopy in infertile women.Methods: This cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study was conducted in 2020-2021 on 107 infertile women referred to Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS) Hospital of Zahedan. Hysterosalpingography was performed for women and they had undiagnosed filling defects. After performing hysteroscopy, a questionnaire was recorded for each patient including: patient's age, age of infertility, type of infertility and hysteroscopy findings. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 24) and chi-square, Fisher, and Binomial tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: 64 patients (59.81%) had primary infertility and 43 (40.18%) had secondary infertility. The most pathological finding in hysteroscopy was polyp that was observed in 34 patients (31.77%) which were most frequent in the age range of 35-40 years. Also, 80 patients (74.76%) had abnormal hysteroscopy findings and 27 (23.25%) had normal findings. According to the Binomial test, there was a statistically significant difference between the percentage of normal findings between hysteroscopy results and filling defects without hysterosalpingography (P<0.001).Conclusion: Hysterosalpingography is a simple method for diagnosing abnormalities of the female reproductive system, but it is less sensitive than hysteroscopy. Therefore, hysteroscopy can help for more accurate and better diagnosis in examining the condition of patients with infertility