Analyzing Factors Affecting Environmental Behavior of Tourists during Nowruz in Susan Plain, Izeh County

Among different industries in each country, tourism industry is directly related to the environment. Tourism is not a clean and non- destructive industry, so that tourists’ behaviors in addition to positive effects can also have many negative consequences on the environment. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting environmental behavior of tourists in Susan Plain, Izeh county. Statistical population of the study consisted of tourists traveled to Susan Plain during Nowruz Holidays in 2019. The sample size was determined by available sample and they were randomly selected (n=150). The research tool was a questionnaire, which its validity was verified by a panel of academics and its reliability was approved through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed by SPSS (Ver. 22) and LISREL (Ver. 8.80) software. The results showed that variables of environmental knowledge, attitude, and values had positive and significant correlation with variable of environmental behaviors. Furthermore, according to the results, variables of environmental knowledge, attitude, and values could describe 83% of tourists’ environmental behavior changes. As a recommendation, it is worthwhile to use environmental topics in the textbooks from primary school to university

Is the Theory of Planned Behavior a good model for predicting salt consumption behavior in pregnant women? A structural equation modeling approach

BACKGROUND: Non-communicable illnesses are the leading reason for wide-reaching death. Reducing the burden of these illnesses is one of the significant objectives of the World Health Organization's action plan. In this respect, reducing salt consumption is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions. The present study aimed to adjust the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in expecting salt consumption behavior in pregnant women visiting the health centers in Birjand. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 273 pregnant women who visited the health centers in Birjand were selected through Quota sampling method. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire based on the TPB constructs. The data analysis was done in SPSS 19 and AMOS 24. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 27.33 ± 5.77 years, and their mean gestational age was 12.67 ± 4.11 weeks. The mean score of attitude construct was 86.54 ± 8.50, subjective norm construct 36.59 ± 4.47, perceived behavioral control construct 41.63 ± 7.01, intention construct 16.01 ± 2.65 and behavior construct 19.86 ± 2.57. There was a statistically significant relationship between attitude construct (p < 0.001), perceived behavioral control (p < 0.001), and intention (p < 0.001) with salt consumption behavior (p < 0.05). The goodness of fit indices showed a proper fit of data (χ2/df = 1.94, PNFI = 0.6, TLI = 0.9, CFI = 0.9 and RMSE = 0.06). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the TPB is an appropriate model for reviewing the behavior of salt consumption. Hence, this model offers a suitable basis for designing an educational intervention to regulate the quantity of salt consumed by pregnant women and; thus, its usage in health promotion programs is suggested

The comparison of knowledge, attitude, and performance regarding food hygiene and safety between people with and without a history of Covid-19 infection

Background and Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the difference in knowledge, attitude, and performance in terms of food hygiene and safety between people with and without a history of Covid-19. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 712 people from August to September 2021 using a standard online questionnaire. The questionnaire had four sections, the first section includes demographic information, the second section includes seven questions related to participants' knowledge about food hygiene and safety, the third section includes ten questions about participants' attitudes, and the fourth section contains 10 questions related to participants' health performance. Multiple regression models were used to investigate the main predictors of knowledge, attitude, and performance. The significance level was considered as p < 0.05. Results: There were 271 (43%) people with a history of infection and 361 (57%) without infection. Demographic factors were not significantly different between people with and without a history of infection. The results of the present study showed that knowledge (p=0.05) and people's performance (p=0.002)  about food hygiene and safety have a significant relationship with the history of corona infection. However, people's attitude was not affected by the corona infection (p=0.17). Attitude was the major predictor of performance (p <0.001). Conclusion: It can be claimed that contracting Corona has increased people's knowledge and improved performance regarding food hygiene and safety during the Covid-19 pandemic and has improved health conditions

The Effect of Motivational Abdominal Breathing Device on Breathing Patterns and Shortness of Breath in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Background and purpose: Despite the high prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, There haven,t been definite curative treatment for the disease and focus of treatment has directed towards pulmonary rehabilitation as an effective non-drug treatments. this study were performed to determine the effect of motivational abdominal breathing device on breathing pattern and dyspnea of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Materials and methods: This study is a clinical trial done in 2015 on 70 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admitted to Samen alaeme hospital, CHENARAN city. Patients were assigned to two groups of 35 persons, Intervention and control. groups did exercises at home twice a day for two weeks. The dyspnea, respiratory rate and depth of breathing, before, seventh day and after the intervention was measured by spirometry and dyspnea NRS scale. Data analysis was performed by SPSS version 11.5 using t-test, Mann-Whitney and repeated measures analysis. Results: The results showed that difference in respiratory rate before and after intervention (P=0/78) did not change significantly between two groups. But difference before and after the intervention, depth of breathing and before and after intervention of dyspnea were significantly changed in both groups (

Additional file 1 of Status of Iranian schools’ psycho-social environment: cultural adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the W.H.O profile to create Child-Friendly Schools

Additional file 1. W.H.O Psycho-Social Environment (PSE) Profile

BRAF mutation in hairy cell leukemia

BRAF is a serine/threonine kinase with a regulatory role in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. A mutation in the RAF gene, especially in BRAF protein, leads to an increased stimulation of this cascade, causing uncontrolled cell division and development of malignancy. Several mutations have been observed in the gene coding for this protein in a variety of human malignancies, including hairy cell leukemia (HCL). BRAF V600E is the most common mutation reported in exon15 of BRAF, which is observed in almost all cases of classic HCL, but it is negative in other B-cell malignancies, including the HCL variant. Therefore it can be used as a marker to differentiate between these B-cell disorders. We also discuss the interaction between miRNAs and signaling pathways, including MAPK, in HCL. When this mutation is present, the use of BRAF protein inhibitors may represent an effective treatment. In this review we have evaluated the role of the mutation of the BRAF gene in the pathogenesis and progression of HCL

Antibacterial effect of alternating current against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginos

Background — The use of physical means as an aid for modern medicine in the champion against pathogenic microorganisms holds new approach that recently have begun to be widely recognized. The use of an additional physical means, alternating currents, introduced to inhibit bacterial growth and enhance disinfectant potency. The present study aimed to determine the best frequency of alternating currents in prevention of bacterial growth and to detect the efficacy of alternating currents on disinfectant bactericidal potency. Material and Methods — Electric field strength of 6 and 10 V/cm2 at 50 KHz, 1 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz was applied continuously during lag phases of staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeroginosa. Then Changes in bacterial growth were investigated by the time kill method. Efficacy alternating currents on the current disinfectants bactericidal potency (microzed, deconex, Dettol and glutaraldehyde) were evaluated by MIC and MBC. Results — Alternating current at the low voltage and high frequency (10 V/cm2 at 20 MHz) reduced the growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa effectively. Electric field strength of 10 V/cm2 at 20 MHz showed a better effect on the low level disinfectants such as Dettol and Deconex compared to the high level disinfectants such as Glutaraldehyde, Microzed GP-H and Aniosyme. Conclusion — Detection of a suitable form of alternating current is necessary in the future. This method may be applied as a complementary for eliminating of conductive and semi-conductive surfaces of hospital and increase disinfectant bactericidal potency

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on lifestyle among Iranian population: A multicenter cross-sectional study

Background: Quarantine, an unpleasant experience, was implemented in many countries to limit the spread of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which it could associated whit lifestyle changes. The present study aimed to determine the changes in Iranian's lifestyle during COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 2710 Iranian people completed an online researcher-made questionnaire asking lifestyle regarding COVID-19, which includes five sections about physical activity, stress and anxiety, nutrition habit, sleep disorders, and interpersonal relationship in addition to demographic data from January to February 2021, using the multistage cluster sampling method. Results: The participants' mean age was 33.78 +/- 11.50 years and 68.3% of them were female. Traveling, sightseeing, and family visits have been eliminated from 91%, 83.5%, and 77.5% of participants' lives, respectively. There were increase in stress level (P < 0.001), weight of the participants (P < 0.001), sleep problems (P < 0.001), and healthier foods (P < 0.001) but decrease in interpersonal communication (P < 0.001) and the amount of physical activity (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In summary, this study indicates some changes in lifestyle of Iranian people, including changes in some eating practices, physical activity, social communication, and sleeping habits during the pandemic. However, as the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing, a comprehensive understanding of these behaviors and habits can help develop interventions to mitigate the negative lifestyle behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic

Prevalence of elimination disorders and comorbid psychiatric disorders in Iranian children and adolescents

PURPOSE: Currently, there is a paucity of studies on the prevalence of Elimination Disorders among Iranian children and adolescents. Due to the ongoing need to monitor the health status of these children and adolescents, the present study aims to investigate the prevalence of Elimination Disorders and comorbid disorders in Iranian children and adolescents. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 29,781 children and adolescents age 6 to 18 years old were selected and studied from all the provinces in Iran. The sampling was carried out by employing a multistage cluster sampling method, and several clinical psychologists using semi-structured interviews collected the data. Furthermore, clinical psychologists collected demographic information (including information about gender, age, place of residence, education level, and parental education level). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Generally, the prevalence of Elimination Disorders was found to be 5.4% covering both enuresis (p = 5.4, 95% CI = 5.1-5.7) and encopresis (p = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.09-0.2). The total prevalence of comorbid disorders was 38%, and among the comorbid disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (p = 11, 95% CI = 9.5-12.7) and Separation Anxiety (p = 10.6, 95% CI = 9.1-12.2) were the most prevalent. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Elimination Disorders in Iranian children and adolescents is moderate compared to similar studies elsewhere. As for comorbid disorders, ADHD and Separation Anxiety were found to be the most prevalent disorders. Since Elimination Disorders coexist with psychiatric disorders in children, further studies of these comorbidities may give better insight into the treatment and prognosis of Elimination Disorders

Prevalence, Demographic Characteristics and Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Substance Use Disorder in Iran

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of substance use disorder in Iranian children and adolescents and its relationship with demographic characteristics and psychiatric comorbidities. Methods: The data were taken from a national survey on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iranian children and adolescents. The national survey was conducted on 30,532 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years which were selected using multistage cluster sampling. The psychiatric disorders were assessed by employing k-SADS-PL questionnaire and interviews carried out by 240 clinical psychologists with the participants and their parents. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: A total of 277 (0.97%) were diagnosed as people with substance use disorder that were further studied for comorbid disorders. Among the various types of drugs, hypnotic/sedative/anti-anxiety drugs were abused by 84 people (46.15%), cannabis by 68 (37.36%) and stimulants by 43 (23.63%). The variables of gender, place of residence, and father's occupation and parents' education level were identified as predictors of substance use disorder in children and adolescents. At the same time, 42.50% substances and alcohol abusing people had at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder and the highest comorbidity was observed in oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and separation anxiety disorder (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The findings can be used in the prevention and treatment of substance use disorder and promotion of mental health in children and adolescents by focusing on the psychiatric comorbidities of people with substance use disorder