Atypical Presentation of Cytomegalovirus-Related Infantile Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome is the most common glomerular disease in children. Most cases are idiopathic and the first episode is rarely related to cytomegalovirus infection, particularly after 3 months of age. We present a 7-month-old infant who developed atypical presentation of nephrotic syndrome secondary to cytomegalovirus infection. The patient was referred to undergo orchipexy due to right-sided undescended testis. Following the surgery, he developed fever, gastroenteritis and renal failure. A few days later, generalized edema and proteinuria were detected. Due to positive test results for cytomegalovirus, ganciclovir was administered. Remission of nephrotic syndrome was obtained within the first two weeks of the treatment. No relapse of nephrotic syndrome was detected during 12 months of follow up. We may conclude that in unexplained infantile nephrotic syndrome, CMV should be considered as one of the possible etiologies.Keywords: Nephrotic Syndrome; Cytomegalovirus; Infant; Ganciclovir; Edema; Proteinuria; Gastroenteritis

Relationship of pupils' quality of life and academic achievement with the employment status of their mothers

Objective: One of the most important environmental factors affecting academic achievement and performance is the family especially mothers. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between quality of life (QOL) and the academic achievement of pupils with the employment status of their mothers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 9th-grade students in Shiraz. A sample of 400 individuals was selected through a multi-stage sampling method from among the 9th-grade students and a questionnaire on academic achievement and quality of life was completed for them. Then data was entered into spss23 software and analyzed. The value of P <0.05 was considered a significant statistical level. Results: there was no significant difference between students who have employed and Housewife mothers about the student's academic achievements ant QOL score (P>0.05). According to the results of multivariate analysis, none of the variables was a significant predictor of the QOL and academic achievement in the students. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that there is not a significant association between the quality of life and academic achievement of students with their mothers' occupatio

The Association between Lifestyle-related Risk Factors and Coronary Artery Disease in Residents of Yazd Province: A Case-control Study

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the relation between risk factors related to lifestyle and coronary artery disease (CAD) in residents of Yazd province. Methods: In this hospital-based case-control study performed in Yazd province, 250 patients with CAD were compared with 250 controls matched for age and sex. Data were collected by using a researcher- made questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using Chi-square and Conditional Multiple Logistic Regression and through SPSS16. Results: History of Consumption of less than three servings of fruit in week, with an odds ratio of 8.4 (95%CI: 1.56-45.18) and more than three times egg in week with an odds ratio of 4.05 (95%CI: 1.13-14.5, P=0.03) increased the chance of getting CAD. However, no significant relationship was found for history of consumption of oil, dairy, red meat, fried foods and fast foods. The number of daily smoked cigarettes was the only non-nutritional factor that showed significant relationship with CAD (P=0.01). Conclusion: Overall, insufficient intake of fruits, high consumption of egg and the number of cigarettes smoked daily were identified as the most important life style-related risk factors for getting CAD. Therefore, measures for decreasing these risk factors in Yazd Province are necessary

Effectiveness of Treadmill Training on Balance Control in Elderly People: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Physical exercise would improve postural stability, which is an essential factor in preventing accidental fall among the elderly population. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of treadmill walking on balance improvement among the elderly people. A total of 30 community dwelling older adults with a Berg Balance Scale score of 36-48 and the ability to walk without aid were considered and divided into control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups. Individuals in the experimental group participated in 30 minutes of forward and backward treadmill training based on three times a week interval for a period of four weeks. Individuals in the control group were instructed to continue with their daily routine activity. Before and after training, gait speed was measured by six-minute walk test and balance ability was evaluated by Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale (FABS) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) tests. Postural sway items such as the Center of Pressure (COP), average displacement and velocity were evaluated by using a force platform system. Data were collected in quiet standing, tandem position and standing on foam pads before and after intervention. After intervention, balance variables in the experimental group indicated a significant improvement in quiet standing on firm and foam surfaces, but no considerable improvement was shown in tandem position. A between-group comparison showed a significant reduction in COP velocity in the sagittal plane (P=0.030) during quiet standing and in the frontal plane (P=0.001) during standing on foam, whereas no significant reduction in COP parameters during tandem position was found. It is recommended that twelve sessions of forward and backward treadmill walk are effective in balance improvement in elderly people. Trial Registration Number: IRCT201209199440N

Evaluating the Characteristics and Structure of Dentistry Graduated Students\' Theses in Shahid Sadughi University of Medical Sciences

Introduction: Theses are considered as one of the main sources of information. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and structures of students' theses as well as their research methodology. Methods: In this descriptive study, all dentistry students' theses from the year 1998 till the year 2004 (176 theses), were investigated based on the aspects of thesis' structure, research methodology, and the results. Results: Thirty seven point five percent of theses were descriptive, 17.6% were experimental, 16.5% were descriptive-inferential, 6.8% were inferential, and 8% were clinical trials studies. Ten point two percent of the theses gained excellent quality score, 64.8 percent gained good quality score, 24.2 percent gained moderate quality score, and 0.6 percent gained poor quality score in writing and research methodology. Conclusion: More supervision should be placed on theses quality by supervisors. It is also suggested to encourage students towards inferential and experimental studies. Moreover, the need to train students in regard to research methodology and statistics is emphasized and it is recommended to develop a comprehen-sive guideline for writing theses

Phonological Processing in CFhildren with Down Syndrome

Objective: To determine phonological processing in elemantery children with Down syndrome Materials and Methods: Phonetic test is used to extract phonological processing in 40 child with Down syndrome .They were normal in hearing and oral structure. Results: There was significant difference between girls and boys in some subgroups of phonological processing. In assimilation, voiceless assimilation in boys and complete assimilation in girls were the most. Nasal assimilation in girls and fricative assimilation in boys were the least. In substitution, the least mean belonged to liquid and nasal substitution in girls and voice ness substitution in boys. In general there was no significant difference between age and phonological awareness; however, there was direct correlation between syllable structure and age and reverse correlation between age and stop assimilation. Conclusion: In addition to 3 groups of phonological processing including: syllable structure, assimilation, and substitution, omission was seen. The difference between girls and boys indicates they are impressed by the phonetic structure of words in different ways. Correlation between age and phonological processing shows phonological errors may be resulted from deviation

Knowledge of reproductive physiology and hormone therapy in 40-60 year old women: a population-based study in Yazd, Iran

Background: Evidences shows that menopause affects women's health, but women's knowledge of proper care and maintenance is insufficient. Objective: To determine knowledge of hormone therapy (HT), reproductive physiology, and menopause in a population of 40-60 year old women. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted through a cluster sampling among 330 women in Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran, in 2010. Data was collected using a questionnaire containing questions about reproductive physiology related to menopause and HT by interviewing. Inferential and descriptive statistics via SPSS.15 software were used for data analysis. Results: Overall, 2.1% of women were current takers of HT, 13.4% had taken it in the past but had stopped and 84.5% had never taken hormone replacement therapy. Iranian women had low knowledge of HT, reproductive physiology, and menopause. Most of the women (85.5%) knew that hot flashes are common around menopause and only 77.2% knew decreasing estrogen production causes the menopause. They knew little about the effects of progestagens and the effects of HT on fertility. Logistic regression determined that age, educational level and BMI were the most important factors predicting use of HT after adjusting for other variables. Conclusion: Iranian women have a low HT usage rate and the majority of them are lacking of the knowledge about HT and menopause. Women need improved knowledge of the risks and benefits of HT as well as education about the reproductive system around menopause

Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux In Iranian Children:A Follow-Up Of 330 Cases

Background: Experience with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) differs in differ-ent centers and there are plenty of controversies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of primary VUR complications and the rate of recurrence of UTI. Methods: The medical charts of all infants and children with primary VUR who were followed up by two nephrologists were reviewed. During 19 years (1985-2004), 330 patients (271 females, 59 males) with 496 refluxing ureters were followed up as primary VUR. Results: The patients' age at diagnosis was 4 days to 16 years (mean: 4.1 years) and the mean duration of follow-up was 4.5 years. Urinary tract infec-tion (UTI) was the presenting symptom in 95% and fever was recorded in 35% of cases. Frequencies of different grades of VUR at initial investigation were 10%, 35%, 30%, 13% and 12% for grades I to V, respectively. Recurrence of UTI in VUR of grades I to V were 22.2%, 18.1%, 20%, 23.4% and 17.9%, re-spectively. Follow-up voiding cystourethrogram revealed resolution of VUR in 55%, improvement in 27.5%, no change in 12%, and deterioration in 5.5%. Complications such as chronic renal failure and hypertension were observed in 13 and 13 patients, respectively. Renal scarring was present in 52% of boys and 29% of girls. Conclusion: The present study indicates that symptomatic primary VUR is more common and has better prognosis in girls. Recurrence of UTI is not re-lated to the grade of VUR