Do Bird Assemblages Predict Susceptibility by E-Waste Pollution? A Comparative Study Based on Species- and Guild-Dependent Responses in China Agroecosystems

Indirect effects of electronic waste (e-waste) have been proposed as a causal factor in the decline of bird populations, but analyses of the severity impacts on community assembly are currently lacking. To explore how population abundance/species diversity are influenced, and which functional traits are important in determining e-waste susceptibility, here we surveyed breeding and overwintering birds with a hierarchically nested sampling design, and used linear mixed models to analyze changes in bird assemblages along an exposure gradient in South China. Total bird abundance and species diversity decreased with e-waste severity (exposed < surrounding < reference), reflecting the decreasing discharge and consequent side effects. Twenty-five breeding species exclusively used natural farmland, and nine species decreased significantly in relative abundance at e-waste polluted sites. A high pairwise similarity between exposed and surrounding sites indicates a diffuse effect of pollutants on the species assembly at local scale. We show that sensitivity to e-waste severity varies substantially across functional guild, with the prevalence of woodland insectivorous and grassland specialists declining, while some open farmland generalists such as arboreal frugivores, and terrestrial granivores were also rare. By contrast, the response of waterbirds, omnivorous and non-breeding visitors seem to be tolerable to a wide range of pollution so far. These findings underscore that improper e-waste dismantling results in a severe decline of bird diversity, and the different bird assemblages on polluted and natural farmlands imply species- and guild-dependent susceptibility with functional traits. Moreover, a better understanding of the impact of e-waste with different pollution levels, combined multiple pollutants, and in a food-web context on bird is required in future

New genus and species of lice in the Oxylipeurus-complex (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Philopteridae), with an overview of the distribution of ischnoceran chewing lice on galliform hosts

Here, we describe a new genus of lice (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera) in the Oxylipeurus-complex, parasitising galliform hosts in the genera Tragopan Cuvier, 1829. This genus, Pelecolipeurus gen. nov., is separated from other members of the complex by the unique shape of the male subgenital plate and stylus, the male genitalia and other characters. The only previously-known species in the genus is Lipeurus longus Piaget, 1880, which is here tentatively re-described as Pelecolipeurus longus (Piaget, 1880), based on specimens from a non-type host, Tragopan temminckii (Gray, 1831). In addition, we describe a new species, Pelecolipeurus fujianensis sp. nov., based on specimens from Tragopan caboti (Gould, 1857). An overview of the distribution patterns of ischnoceran lice on galliforms is presented, which suggests that host phylogeny, host biogeography and host biotope, as well as elevation of host range, may all be important factors that have structured louse communities on landfowl. We transfer the genus Afrilipeurus from the Oxylipeurus-complex to the Lipeurus-complex and include an emended key to the Oxylipeurus-complex

Lineage diversification and historical demography of a montane bird Garrulax elliotii - implications for the Pleistocene evolutionary history of the eastern Himalayas

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pleistocene climate fluctuations have shaped the patterns of genetic diversity observed in many extant species. In montane habitats, species' ranges may have expanded and contracted along an altitudinal gradient in response to environmental fluctuations leading to alternating periods of genetic isolation and connectivity. Because species' responses to climate change are influenced by interactions between species-specific characteristics and local topography, diversification pattern differs between species and locations. The eastern Himalayas is one of the world's most prominent mountain ranges. Its complex topography and environmental heterogeneity present an ideal system in which to study how climatic changes during Pleistocene have influenced species distributions, genetic diversification, and demography. The Elliot's laughing thrush (<it>Garrulax elliotii</it>) is largely restricted to high-elevation shrublands in eastern Himalayas. We used mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites to investigate how genetic diversity in this species was affected by Pleistocene glaciations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mitochondrial data detected two partially sympatric north-eastern and southern lineages. Microsatellite data, however, identified three distinct lineages congruent with the geographically separated southern, northern and eastern eco-subregions of the eastern Himalayas. Geographic breaks occur in steep mountains and deep valleys of the Kangding-Muli-Baoxin Divide. Divergence time estimates and coalescent simulations indicate that lineage diversification occurred on two different geographic and temporal scales; recent divergence, associated with geographic isolation into individual subregions, and historical divergence, associated with displacement into multiple refugia. Despite long-term isolation, genetic admixture among these subregional populations was observed, indicating historic periods of connectivity. The demographic history of <it>Garrulax elliotii </it>shows continuous population growth since late Pleistocene (about 0.125 mya).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>While altitude-associated isolation is typical of many species in other montane regions, our results suggest that eco-subregions in the eastern Himalayas exhibiting island-like characteristics appear to have determined the diversification of <it>Garrulax elliotii</it>. During the Pleistocene, these populations became isolated on subregions during interglacial periods but were connected when these expanded to low altitude during cooler periods. The resultant genetic admixture of lineages might obscure pattern of genetic variation. Our results provide new insights into sky island diversification in a previously unstudied region, and further demonstrate that Pleistocene climatic changes can have profound effects on lineage diversification and demography in montane species.</p

Gallancyra dentata Gustafsson & Zou 2020, gen. et comb. nov.

Gallancyra dentata (Sugimoto, 1934) gen. et comb. nov. Lipeurus dentatus Sugimoto, 1934: 2, figs 1–11 + 2 unnumbered photos. Lipeurus angularis Peters, 1935: 101, figs 1–3. Oxylipeurus dentatus – Clay, 1938: 181. Reticulipeurus dentatus (Sugimoto, 1935) [sic] – Mey 2003: 90. Type host Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Red Junglefowl (domestic chicken). Other hosts Gallus gallus murghi Robinsson & Kloss, 1920; Gallus gallus spadiceus (Bonnaterre, 1790) (Emerson & Elbel 1956: 382); Gallus lafayettii Lesson, 1831 (Price et al. 2003: 203) – Sri Lanka Junglefowl. “[S]everal of the wild chickens of Southeast Asia” (Emerson 1956: 78). Type locality Taiwan. Material examined Non-type material Ex Gallus gallus murghi INDIA • 1 &male;, 2 &female;&female;; Sikkim; Jan. 1922; R. Meinertzhagen, 345; NHMUK010682390; NHMUK. Ex Gallus gallus ssp. PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 2 &female;&female;; Central District, Kapogere Area; Apr. 1971; I.L. Owen leg.; 1192/71; Brit.Mus. 1971-292; NHMUK010682394; NHMUK. MALAYSIA • 1 &female;; Trengganu; 1968; A. Mustaffa leg.; Brit. Mus. 1968-292; NHMUK010682389 • 2 &male;&male;, 3 &female;&female;; Trengganu; Jun. 1969; A. Mustaffa leg.; Brit. Mus. 1969-396; NHMUK010682393; NHMUK. Description Both sexes See genus description; below are listed only details of those characters typically variable among species in the Oxylipeurus -complex. Male Proximal mesosome extended into rather trapezoidal structure that overlaps with distal section of basal apodeme (Fig. 13); this section is rather diffuse in specimens, and has here been illustrated approximately. Antero-lateral sections of mesosome elongated hook-shaped, more intensely sclerotized than trapezoidal section. Distal mesosome gently rounded, with rugose areas limited to lateral margins; rugose section expands medially in anterior end. Sclerotized plate present in central part of distal mesosome, with arched antero-lateral extensions on each side. Gonopore slender, not reaching distal half of mesosome. A single tube situated on each side of gonopore, which may terminate in sensilla, but no such sensillae visible in examined specimens. Two pmes microsetae visible on each side lateral to gonopore. Parameres slender, without distinct head; pst1–2 as in Fig. 12, both subterminal microsetae. Measurements (n = 3, except TL and PTW where n = 2); TL = 2.22–2.32; HL = 0.63–064; HW = 0.44–0.46; PRW = 0.32–0.35; PTW = 0.44–0.46; AW = 0.53–0.62. Female Vulval margin with 20–32 vms on each side, and 11–15 vss gathered in the central section. In both sets of setae, lateral setae are longer than medial setae. Measurements (n = 8); TL = 2.54–2.84; HL = 0.70–0.74; HW = 0.51–0.55; PRW = 0.36–0.42; PTW = 0.52–0.59; AW = 0.69–0.75. Remarks Peters (1935), Clay (1938), Emerson (1956) and Price et al. (2003) all list “ Lipeurus denticlypeus Sugimoto, 1934 ” as a synonym or potential synonym of O. dentatus. Clay (1938: 181) noted that the change in name is only in the reprint, not in the published version of the manuscript. As such, it has never been published, and is at best considered a manuscript name, with no nomenclatorial existence. Moreover, the translation of this manuscript is usually given as “On a new species of Mallophaga, Lipeurus denticlypeatus n. sp., from the Formosan fowl” (e.g., Price et al. 2003). The original Japanese title does not include either the name of the louse, the name of the host, or the origin of the specimens. It roughly translates to “Additional information on the head lice of domestic birds”. No information on the location on Sugimoto’s type specimens appears to be included in the original description, and the location of the holotype is unknown. As we have no evidence that it has been destroyed or lost, we here do not select a neotype for L. dentatus. A single examined male of G. dentata gen. et comb. nov. from Gallus gallus murghi has a larger head with a blunter preantennal area than males from G. g. gallus, but heads of females from the two host subspecies are near identical. Other characters are largely indistinguishable between specimens from the two host subspecies, but the male genitalia of the single male from G. g. murghi are destroyed and partially obscured by gut content, and cannot be compared adequately. As so few specimens have been examined from either host subspecies, and the natural variation is thus not known, we presently do not consider these differences to be significant, until a large series of specimens have been examined. We therefore consider specimens from both host subspecies to be conspecific.Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R. & Zou, Fasheng, 2020, Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken, pp. 1-36 in European Journal of Taxonomy 685 on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.685, http://zenodo.org/record/395494

Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken

The geographical range of the typically host-specific species of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) is often assumed to be similar to that of their hosts. We tested this assumption by reviewing the published records of twelve species of chewing lice parasitizing wild and domestic chicken, one of few bird species that occurs globally. We found that of the twelve species reviewed, eight appear to occur throughout the range of the host. This includes all the species considered to be native to wild chicken, except Oxylipeurus dentatus (Sugimoto, 1934). This species has only been reported from the native range of wild chicken in Southeast Asia and from parts of Central America and the Caribbean, where the host is introduced. Potentially, this discontinuous distribution is due to a low tolerance for dry environments, possibly exacerbated by competitive exclusion by Cuclotogaster heterographus (Nitzsch, 1866). Our examinations of O. dentatus also revealed that this species differs significantly from other species of Oxylipeurus in the male and female genitalia, head structure and chaetotaxy, and other morphological characters. We therefore here erect the monotypic genus Gallancyra gen. nov. for O. dentatus, and redescribe the type species

&lt;i&gt;Gallancyra&lt;/i&gt; gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken

The geographical range of the typically host-specific species of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) is often assumed to be similar to that of their hosts. We tested this assumption by reviewing the published records of twelve species of chewing lice parasitizing wild and domestic chicken, one of few bird species that occurs globally. We found that of the twelve species reviewed, eight appear to occur throughout the range of the host. This includes all the species considered to be native to wild chicken, except Oxylipeurus dentatus (Sugimoto, 1934). This species has only been reported from the native range of wild chicken in Southeast Asia and from parts of Central America and the Caribbean, where the host is introduced. Potentially, this discontinuous distribution is due to a low tolerance for dry environments, possibly exacerbated by competitive exclusion by Cuclotogaster heterographus (Nitzsch, 1866). Our examinations of O. dentatus also revealed that this species differs significantly from other species of Oxylipeurus in the male and female genitalia, head structure and chaetotaxy, and other morphological characters. We therefore here erect the monotypic genus Gallancyra gen. nov. for O. dentatus, and redescribe the type species.</p

Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken

The geographical range of the typically host-specific species of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) is often assumed to be similar to that of their hosts. We tested this assumption by reviewing the published records of twelve species of chewing lice parasitizing wild and domestic chicken, one of few bird species that occurs globally. We found that of the twelve species reviewed, eight appear to occur throughout the range of the host. This includes all the species considered to be native to wild chicken, except Oxylipeurus dentatus (Sugimoto, 1934). This species has only been reported from the native range of wild chicken in Southeast Asia and from parts of Central America and the Caribbean, where the host is introduced. Potentially, this discontinuous distribution is due to a low tolerance for dry environments, possibly exacerbated by competitive exclusion by Cuclotogaster heterographus (Nitzsch, 1866). Our examinations of O. dentatus also revealed that this species differs significantly from other species of Oxylipeurus in the male and female genitalia, head structure and chaetotaxy, and other morphological characters. We therefore here erect the monotypic genus Gallancyra gen. nov. for O. dentatus, and redescribe the type species

Rallicola (Rallicola) tibetana Gustafsson & Tian & Zou 2021, new species

Rallicola (Rallicola) tibetana new species (Figs 16–23) Type host: Zapornia bicolor Walden, 1872 —black-tailed crake (Rallidae). Type locality: Pachakshiri, S.E. Tibet, China. Diagnosis. In the key of Emerson (1955), Rallicola (Rallicola) tibetana new species keys out to Rallicola (R.) ferrisi Emerson, 1955, but the male genitalia of R. (R.) tibetana are most similar to those of Rallicola (R.) funebris (Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1866). Rallicola (R.) tibetana can be separated from both these species by the following characters: female tergopleurites III–VIII transversally continuous in R. (R.) tibetana (Fig. 17), but medianly interrupted in the other two species; male subgenital plate of R. (R.) tibetana extended distally into a stylus (Fig. 16), but no stylus in either of the other two species. Furthermore, Rallicola (R.) tibetana can be separated from R. (R.) ferrisi by the following characters: hyaline margin extending more posteriorly along the lateral margin of head in R. (R.) tibetana (Fig. 18) than in R. (R.) ferrisi; mesosome of R. (R.) tibetana narrowing distally as in Figs 20, 22, whereas in R. (R.) ferrisi the mesosome widens distally, with a deeply incised distal margin and no marginal thickenings [this character is illustrated erroneously by Emerson (1955)]; parameres of R. (R.) tibetana stout and curved medianly (Fig. 21), but slender and curved laterally in distal third in R. (R.) ferrisi; vulval margin strongly arched and female subgenital plate with deep sublateral incisions on distal margin in R. (R.) ferrisi, but vulval margin more flattened and subgenital plate without such incisions in R. (R.) tibetana (Fig. 23). Emerson (1955) stated that the female of R. (R.) ferrisi has only two stout setae on each post-vulval tubercle, but all specimens of this species we have examined, including two paratypes, have three setae on the tubercles on each side. However, we have not examined the allotype female of R. (R.) ferrisi. By contrast, all specimens of R. (R.) tibetana have two stout setae on the tubercles (Fig. 23). In addition, Rallicola (R.) tibetana can be separated from R. (R.) funebris (see Pessoa & Guimarães 1935; Emerson 1955 for illustrations) by the following characters: distal mesosome gently rounded in R. (R.) tibetana (Fig. 22), but with median extension in R. (R.) funebris; parameres with pointed distal ends and curved overall shape in R. (R.) tibetana (Fig. 21), but with bluntly flattened distal ends and subparallel overall shape in R. (R.) funebris; male tergopleurites III–VIII transversally continuous in R. (R.) tibetana (Figs 16–17), but interrupted medianly in R. (R.) funebris; shape of frons and hyaline margin also appears to differ between these two species, based on the illustration of Pessoa & Guimarães (1935). However, photos of R. (R.) funebris available at the NHMUK homepage (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/dataset) suggest that the hyaline margin of R. (R.) funebris is more similar to that of R. (R.) tibetana, and may have been shrunken or overlooked in the specimens examined by Pessoa & Guimarães (1935). Description. Both sexes. Head trapezoidal, with preantennal section much narrower than postantennal section (Fig. 18); frons with elongated hyaline margin that extends along the lateral head margins to near aperture of as1. Dorsal anterior plate longer than wide, with rounded posterior margin. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 18; s 1–6 present; s1 and os mesosetae. Antennae sexually dimorphic. Thoracic and abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 16–17; tergopleurite II divided medianly and tergopleurites III–VIII transversally continuous in both sexes. Measurements as in Table 1. 1 N = 12 for PTW and AW, N =10 for TL. 2 N = 46 for AW, N = 43 for TL, N = 38 for PTW. 3 N = 3 for TL and AW. 4 N = 3 for TL and AW. 5 N = 5 for AW and PTW. Male. Antennae as in Fig. 18, with scape and pedicel swollen compared to female, and flagellomere I with distinct distal expansion into hook; antennae illustrated as seen in holotype. Tergopleurite III without anterior incision (Fig. 16). Subgenital plate extended distally along midline to form short stylus similar to those found in some Oxylipeurus -complex genera (see Gustafsson et al. 2020); one short seta on each side of stylus near distal end. Basal apodeme rounded, trapezoidal, narrowing distally (Fig. 20); articulation between basal apodeme and parameral head as in Fig. 21. Mesosome as in Figs 20, 22; proximal mesosome bilobed, distal end gently rounded and narrowed. Gonopore dorsal, with U-shaped thickening along distal margin; distinct subparallel dorsal thickenings proximal to gonopore. Paramere overall arched, with distal ends convergent and pointed; no subsidiary median extension of paramere; pst1–2 as in Fig. 21. Female. Antennae as in Fig. 19. Tergopleurite III with deep, narrow incision of anterior margin at midline (Fig. 17). Subgenital plate as in Fig. 23, without sublateral incisions of distal margin. Vulval margin flattened, with 8–12 short, slender vms and 9–11 short, stout vss on each side; 6–8 short, slender vos on each side of subgenital plate. Vulval margin with sclerotized plate throughout. Etymology: The species epithet is derived from the type locality. Type material. Ex Zapornia bicolor: Holotype &male;, Pachakshiri, S.E. Tibet [China], 6 May 1938, no collector, Brit. Mus. 1946-287, NHMUK010690305 (NHMUK). Paratypes. 4&female;, same data as holotype, NHMUK010690304– 6 (NHMUK). Remarks. Slide NHMUK010690306 also contains a male louse that appears to be close to Rallicola (R.) clayae Tandan, 1951.Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Tian, Chunpo & Zou, Fasheng, 2021, New species of ischnoceran chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from Chinese birds, pp. 305-328 in Zootaxa 4990 (2) on pages 317-321, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4990.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/502655

Laimoloima ruiliensis Gustafsson & Adam & Zou 2022, new species

Laimoloima ruiliensis new species (Figs 12–13, 15, 18–19, 21) Type host. Psilopogon asiaticus asiaticus (Latham, 1790) —blue-throated barbet (Megalaimidae). Type locality. Wudiancun, Ruili County, Yunnan Province, China. Diagnosis. Laimoloima ruiliensis can be separated from L. zeylanica and L. tandani by having a proportionately shorter preantennal area (Fig. 15) and from L. rafflesi by the position of mts1 near mts2 rather than near posterior margin of eye. The shape of the male endomere suggests that L. ruiliensis is closer to L. zeylanica than to L. tandani. Furthermore, Laimoloima ruiliensis can be separated from L. zeylanica by the following characters: dorsal anterior plate with rounded posterior margin in L. zeylanica, but with tapering posterior margin in L. ruiliensis (Fig. 15); male tergopleurites III–IV with two tergocentral setae on each side in L. ruiliensis (Fig. 12), but with three tergocentral setae on each side in L. zeylanica; female tergopleurites V–VI each with three tergocentral setae on each side in L. ruiliensis (Fig. 13), but with two setae on each side in L. zeylanica; male genitalia of L. zeylanica are illustrated without much detail by Dalgleish (1967: fig. 4), but the general shape of the endomeres and thickness of their distal sections differ between the two species (Fig. 19). Description. Both sexes. Head rounded trapezoidal (Fig. 15), frons slightly concave, lateral margins of preantennal area concave. Dorsal preantennal plate tapering to blunt posterior point. Dorsal preantennal suture diffuse in posterior end, and illustrated approximately. Marginal carina broad. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 15. Dorsal postantennal suture present, widened around aperture of pns. Gular plate with extensive rugose area centrally. Thoracic and abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 12–13; sternal and subgenital plates lightly sclerotised, and not illustrated. Male. Tergopleurites II–III each with two tergocentral setae on each side; tergopleurites V–VII each with three tergocentral setae on each side. Anterior end of basal apodeme diffuse, and not illustrated; distal section with parallel lateral margins converging distally (Fig. 18). Endomere with lateral extensions at midline dorsally; endomere with moderate, somewhat angular anterior lobes and pointed posterior lobes ventrally (Fig. 19). Endomeral chaetotaxy as in Figs 18–19. Parameres short and broad; pst1–2 as in Fig. 19. Female. Vulval margin with 11–13 long, slender, marginal setae, and 8–11 long, stout, submarginal setae on each side; two macroseta associated with lightly sclerotised subgenital plate on each side, and four short, slender setae on each side in area between subgenital plate and vulval margin. Subvulval plates elongate, widening distally (Fig. 21). Type material. Ex Megalaima asiaticus asiaticus: Holotype &male;, Wudiancun, elev. 903–1080 m, Ruili County, Yunnan Province, China, 9 Jan. 2013, Y. Wu & Y. Zhang, bird J0697, GD-PHTH-00141 (IZGAS). Paratypes: 1&male;, 2&female;, same data as holotype, GD-PHTH-00142–00144 (IZGAS). Non-types: 2 nymphs, same data as holotype, GD-PHTH-00145–00146 (IZGAS). Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the type locality. Remarks. The male genitalia are partially obscured by gut content in the holotype, hence illustrations are based on the paratype male; the parts of the genitalia that can be seen in the holotype are identical to those of the paratype.Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Adam, Costică & Zou, Fasheng, 2022, One new genus and three new species of the Penenirmus-complex (Phthiraptera Ischnocera) from China, with resurrection of Picophilopterus Ansari, 1947, pp. 401-426 in Zootaxa 5087 (3) on page 414, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/582689