46 research outputs found
Assessment of safety in drinking water supply system of Birjand city using World Health Organization’s water safety plan
Background: The conventional method for managing drinking water quality is not a suitable preventive
strategy for protecting public health. A water safety plan (WSP) presents a systematic approach to ensuring
the health and quality of drinking water. This study assessed the drinking water supply system safety of
Birjand city using the WHO’s WSP.
Methods: This investigation employed the WSP-QA Tool and the WSP manual of the WHO and the AWI.
For this purpose, software checklists were prepared and, after confirmation of content and face validity,
completed based on Birjand’s water and wastewater company records and interview with company’s experts.
Data was analyzed using WSP-QA Tool.
Results: From total possible 440 points for full use of the program and 328 points of the studied phases, a
score of 190 was acquired, indicating a 43.18% coordinated implementation with WSP. System description
and management procedures showed the maximum and minimum percentages of congruency with the WSP
of 87.5% and 25%, respectively. Among the components of the water supply system, water resource had the
most attention.
Conclusion: As regards the percentage of overall WSP-phase implementation and the low attention given to
some key parameters of the water supply system, such as risk assessment and management procedures, the
system currently enjoys a relatively medium level of safety. However, the high points of some phases such as
system description, operational monitoring and verification enhance the system’s flexibility for changing the
current approach of qualitative management to the WSP.
Keywords: Drinking water, Safety, Water supply, Risk assessment, Softwar
Rhazes, pionir koji je pridonio istraživanju u medicinskoj praksi
Medical history explains that Persian physicians used scientific methods based on clinical experiences and observations for treatment from pre-Islamic time (before 637 AD) and centuries later (in the Islamic era). Rhazes was one of the Persian physicians acknowledged as a pharmacist, chemist and prominent scientific writer on various subjects of medicine and philosophy. In this study, we aimed to investigate clinical experiences, as well as the ethical and critical views of Rhazes in medical practice. Rhazes promoted ethics in the medical profession. He expressed critical key points about ancient written texts. He broke ancient physicians’ taboos in medical theories and evaluated them based on his own experiences.
He designed animal and preclinical evaluations for his theories and also performed the first clinical trials with control groups in the history. His critical views about medical sciences as well as his beliefs in experiments resulted in many medical, chemical and pharmaceutical findings. Therefore, in history, he can be considered as the pioneer in using trials and experiments for approving medical methods.Medicinska povijest pokazuje da su se perzijski liječnici služili znanstvenim metodama u liječenju, temeljenim na kliničkim iskustvima i promatranjima još od predislamskog vremena (prije 637. godine) i stoljećima poslije (u islamskom dobu). Rhazes je bio jedan od perzijskih liječnika priznat kao ljekarnik, kemičar i istaknuti znanstveni pisac o različitim temama iz medicine i filozofije. U ovom radu nastojali smo istražiti klinička iskustva, kao i etičke i kritičke stavove Rhazesa u medicinskoj praksi. Rhazes je promovirao etiku u medicinskoj struci. Iznio je kritične ključne točke o antičkim pisanim tekstovima. Srušio je drevne liječničke tabue u medicinskim teorijama i procijenio ih na temelju vlastita iskustva. Provodio je evaluacije za svoje teorije na životinjama i u predklinici te proveo i prva klinička ispitivanja s kontrolnim grupama u povijesti. Njegova kritička stajališta o medicinskim znanostima, kao i vjerovanje u eksperimente rezultirali su mnogim medicinskim, kemijskim i farmaceutskim otkrićima. Stoga se Rhazesa u povijesti može smatrati pionirom u korištenju ispitivanja i eksperimenata za odobravanje medicinskih metoda
A study of Qorabadin Salehi's Textology with a View to Medical Education
زمینه و هدف: به علم ترکیب داروهای مفرده و ساخت فرآورده جدید قرابادین میگویند. علت اصلی پدیدآمدن قرابادینها عدم درمان برخی بیماریها توسط داروی مفرده، جلوگیری از عوارض جانبی برخی داروها و تأثیر بیشتر دارو بوده است. با وجود اهمیت قرابادینها در طب، بررسی تحلیلی محتوای کتب مربوط به آنها کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. یکی از زوایای پنهانی که در بررسی آنها باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد، مبحث آموزش پزشکی میباشد. یکی از شاخصترین قرابادینها که از منظر آموزش پزشکی قابل بررسی و تطبیق با اصول نوین آموزش پزشکی میباشد، قرابادین صالحی نوشته صالح بن محمد بن محمد صالح قاینی هروی پزشک و داروساز ایرانی قرن دوازدهم (ق.) است که در سال1180 ق. تألیف و در این مطالعه به بررسی و تحلیل محتوای آن پرداخته شده است.
روش: این پژوهش به شیوه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با رویکرد آموزش پزشکی و با روش کتابخانهای مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. کتاب، مقاله و نسخ خطی از جمله ابزارهایی هستند که برای جمعآوری اطلاعات در این پژوهش مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. همچنین با جستجو در پایگاههای اطلاعاتی خارجی همچون Scopus، Pub Med، Web of Science، Google Scholer و پایگاههای اطلاعاتی داخلی، مانند نورمگز، مگیران، SID اطلاعات لازم جهت تدوین مقاله جمعآوری شد.
ملاحظات اخلاقی: صداقت و امانتداری در ارائه گزارش و انتشار مطالب رعایت گردید و نقل قولها با ذکر منبع مورد استفاده صورت گرفت.
یافتهها: قرابادین صالحی دارای برنامه آموزشی شامل هدف، محتوا و روشهای آموزش میباشد. نویسنده در مقدمه به طور غیر مستقیم هدف از تألیف کتاب را کاملاً منطبق بر نیازهای روز جامعه توضیح میدهد، سپس محتوای متناسب با اهداف پیشبینیشده را ارائه داده و از طریق روشهایی چون حل مسأله و استدلال بالینی در قالب حکایت به آموزش تجربههای خود به مخاطبین میپردازد. این حکایتها از بعد تحقیق و پژوهش دارای اهمیت میباشند.
نتیجهگیری: در دوران تمدن اسلامی قرابادینهای متعددی نگارش یافتهاند. قرابادین صالحی با بسیاری از اصول و مبانی آموزش پزشکی قابل تطبیق است. قرابادین صالحی: 1ـ دارای برنامه آموزشی شامل هدف، محتوا و روشهای آموزش میباشد؛ 2ـ با دید آموزش جامعهنگر نوشته شده است؛ 3ـ از روشهای آموزشی چون استدلال بالینی و حل مسأله در آموزش استفاده نموده است.Background and Aim: The science of combining simple drugs and making a new product is called Qorabadin. The main reason for the emergence of Qorabadins was the lack of treatment of some diseases with a single drug, prevention of side effects of some drugs, and greater drug effectiveness. Despite the importance of Qorabadin in medicine, analytical study of the content of books related to them has received less attention. One of the hidden angles that should be considered in the study is the issue of medical education. Qorabadin Salehi is one of the most prominent Qorabadins that can be studied from the perspective of medical education and adapted to the new principles of medical education Written by Saleh Ibn Mohammad Ibn Mohammad Saleh Ghaeni Heravi, an Iranian physician and pharmacist of the twelfth century (AH), which was written in 1180 (AH) and this study, its content has been studied and analyzed.
Methods: This research has been studied in a descriptive-analytical manner with a medical education approach and a library method. Books, articles, and manuscripts are some of the tools used to collect information in this study. Also, by searching in external databases such as google scholar, web of science, pub med, Scopus, and internal databases such as Noor Magaz, Magiran, (SID) University Jihad Scientific Information Center Database, the necessary information was collected to compile.
Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trusteeship were observed in reporting and publishing content and the quotes presented with the source used.
Results: Qorabadin Salehi has an educational program including purpose, content, and teaching methods. In the introduction, the author indirectly explains the purpose of writing the book in full accordance with today's society's needs; It then presents content appropriate to the intended objectives and teaches its experiences to the audience through methods such as problem-solving and clinical reasoning in the form of anecdotes. These anecdotes are important in research.
Conclusion: During the Islamic civilization, several Qarabadins have been written. Gharabadin Salehi can be applied to many principles and foundations of medical education. Qorabadin Salehi 1. has an educational program including the purpose, content and methods of education; 2. It is written with the view of social education; 3. Has used educational methods such as clinical reasoning and problem solving in education.
Please cite this article as:
Ehsanian H, Mohagheghzadeh A, Ghaffari F. A study of Qorabadin Salehi's Textology with a View to Medical Education. Tārīkh-i pizishkī, i.e., Medical History. 2022; 14(47): e13
The Role of Safavid Immigrant Physicians in Promoting Persian Language in the Indian Subcontinent
زمینه و هدف: از گذشته دور، ایران و هند دارای ارتباط فرهنگی بودند، ولیکن در دوره تیموریان این ارتباط عمیقتر گردید. زبان فارسی در اواخر قرن چهارم، در عصر سلطان محمود غزنوی به طور گسترده وارد شبهقاره هند شد، اما اوج پیشرفت آن، در دوره تیموریان بود که به زبان رسمی دربار و زبان اهل علم، سیاست و دین مبدل گردید. مهاجرت گسترده پزشکان ایرانی به هند پدیده نادر اجتماعی عصر صفوی بود که در تاریخ فرهنگی، ادبی و علمی شبهقاره هند تغییرات محسوسی را به وجود آورد. هدف این مطالعه تحلیل نقش پزشکان مهاجر عصر صفوی در گسترش زبان و ادب فارسی در شبهقاره هند است.
مواد و روشها: این پژوهش با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی، با استفاده از کتب تاریخی عصر صفویه و تیموریان و نیز مقالههای مرتبط با موضوع صورت گرفته است.
یافتهها: برخی از اطبای مهاجر به هند جزء طبقات شعرا نیز محسوب میشدند. تأسیس انجمن ادبی برای شاعران توسط حکیم گیلانی و عبدالرحیمخان خانان اسباب پیشرفت شعرا را مهیا نمود. فرهنگنامههای مهم فارسی از قبیل فرهنگنامه جهانگیری، فرهنگنامه برهان و فرهنگنامه رشیدی تدوین گردید. کتابهای پزشکی فارسی در موضوعات پزشکی، دامپزشکی و داروسازی تألیف شد.
نتیجهگیری: پزشکان ایرانی سهم به سزایی در فرهنگ و تمدن دوره تیموری هند داشتند. آنان با نگارش آثار خود به زبان فارسی سبب تقویت بار علمی ادبیات فارسی شدند. این امر با توجه به استقبال پادشاهان تیموری و حمایت آنان از پزشکان ایرانی میسر شد.Background and Aim: An Iran and India have a cultural relation from distant past, but this relation was being deeper in the Timuriyan era. Persian language entered in subcontinent in Soltan Mahmood Ghaznavids era in the end of 4th century. But it’s the pinnacle of progress was in Timuriyan era that it was changed to the official language of court and scholars, politics and religion. The wild migration of Iranian physician to Indian was a social rare phenomenon in Safavid era that created the sensible changes in the cultural, scientific and literary history of subcontinent. The aim of this study is the analysis of the Safavid era migrant physician's role in the development of persian language and literature in subcontinent.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted by investigation of the historical books of Timuriyan era and Safavid era and articles related to the subject under discussion using a descriptive-analytical method.
Findings: Some of the migrant physician were considered a part of poets classes too. The establishment of literary association for the ports by Hakim Gillany and Abdol Rahim khankhanan provided poets development. The important Persian Encyclopedia such as Jahangiri Encyclopedi, Borhan Encyclopedia and Rashidi Encyclopedia were compiled. The Persian medical books about musician, veterinary and pharmacy were compiled too.
Conclusion: Iranian physician have an important role in Indian culture and civilization in Timuriyan era. They caused the reinforcement of Persian literature by writing their works in Persian language. This event has been possible due to Timuriyan kings welcomed and their support from Iranian physician.
Please cite this article as: Eslami Fard Z, Ahmadi N, Karimi B, Ghaffari F. The Role of Safavid Immigrant Physicians in Promoting Persian Language in the Indian Subcontinent. Med Hist J 2016; 8(28): 19-26
Thermal Performance Evaluation of TIM Combined with Residential Windows in Different Climatic Regions in Iran
Windows play a significant role in the increase and loss of heat from the building envelope and determine the quantity, quality, and distribution of daylight. A strategy that involves incorporating transparent insulating materials into a double-glazed window offers the potential to provide combined improvements in thermal and daylighting performance. The thermal properties of transparent insulation materials in windows depend on various factors, such as the type of insulation material, thickness, geometry and insulation structure, location, and orientation of the window, among others. The aim of this research is to optimize three criteria: "thickness," "location of transparent insulation relative to window layers," and "direction of the wall with transparent insulation of the building window." The goal is to minimize thermal loads and reduce energy consumption in residential buildings. To achieve this, a real model was selected, and Design Builder software was used to measure the "heating load," "cooling load," and the sum of these two loads as the "total thermal load" for all three criteria in three cities of Iran with different climates: Tehran (moderate climate), Ahvaz (warm climate), and Tabriz (cold climate). The results of the research showed that for the city of Tehran, 3-inch insulation in the middle of the double-glazed window and the south front is optimal. For the city of Tabriz, 5-inch insulation on the inner surface of the window and the western front is optimal. And for the city of Ahvaz, 3-inch insulation on the outer surface of the window and the eastern front is optimal. It is worth noting that the annual heating load and total annual heating load for all three criteria have the highest values in Tabriz city. Therefore, it is recommended to use HSNPS insulation in transparent windows to reduce energy consumption in Tabriz (cold climate)
نقش رؤيا در تشخيص بيماري از ديدگاه بوعلي سينا و ساير حكماي طب سنتي ايران
از ديدگاه بوعلي سينا و ساير حكماي طب سنتي ايران رؤيا به عنوان يكي از علائم تشخيصي مطرح ميباشد، بهطوري كه برخي از خوابها از نظر پزشكي داراي اهميت بوده و در تشخيص مزاج يا بيماري كمك كنندهاند. محتويات و جزئيات رؤياي فرد ميتواند گوياي وضعيت خاص جسمي و رواني وي باشد. در سوءمزاجها و غلبه اخلاط، هر فرد متناسب با خلطي كه در بدنش افزايش يافته خوابهايي با رنگ و محتواي متناسب با آن خلط ميبيند. به عنوان نمونه در غلبه صفرا، فرد خوابهايي با مضمون آتش و رنگ زرد؛ در غلبه خون، خوابهايي در ارتباط با خون و خونريزي و به رنگ سرخ؛ در غلبه بلغم خوابهايي با محتواي آب و به رنگ سفيد و در غلبه سودا خوابهايي با مضمون ترس و وحشت همراه تاريكي و به رنگ سياه مشاهده ميكند. آگاهي از محتواي خواب اشخاص با در نظر گرفتن ساير علائم آنها ميتواند در تشخيص افتراقي بيماريها كمككننده باشد. همچنين تغيير محتواي خواب در طي درمان نيز ميتواند گوياي تغيير وضعيت جسمي و رواني فرد بوده و پزشك را در جهت درمان درست راهنمايي نمايد و در مجموع ابن سينا و ساير پيشكسوتان پزشكي نياكان به منظور تشخيص باليني وضعيت سلامت و بيماري، علاوه بر علائم و نشانهها از وضعيت رؤياها نيز استفاده ميكردهاند.
روش كار در اين مطالعه كتابخانهاي بوده و از كتاب قانون بوعلي سينا و شروح آن و ساير منابع طب سنتي ايران مربوط به قرون مختلف استفاده شده است.As Avicenna and other Iranian traditional medicine scientists believed in the diagnostic role of dream, dreams have been exerted to diagnose a temperament or disease for many years. Any dream content and detail indicates a particular physical and mental state of the dreamer. According to temperament, each person view different contents and colors in his dream. For example, in case of bile dominance, blood dominance, phlegm dominance, and black bile dominance, the major element of dream is fire, bleeding (excessive flow of blood), water (rains, ice, and river), and terrifying things (thundering hailstorms, dark shadows) respectively. In addition, the predominant color of the dream varies upon temperament as though the dream theme of bile dominance colors in yellow, blood dominance colors in red, phlegm dominance colors in white, and black bile dominance colors in black.
Exploitation of dream contents allied with other symptoms is helpful in diagnosis of a disease. Furthermore, we can chase mental and physical state of patient by monitoring dream content changes during treatment. The method we used in this paper is based on Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine, its commentaries, and other resources related to Iranian traditional medicine has been used in different centuries
دورنمایی از اخلاق پزشکی و رعایت حقوق بیمار در برخی متون طب سنتی ایران و اسلام
The study of relationship between doctor and patient showed Importance of patient's right, moral and human relations in centuries. According to ancient texts, Muslim and Iranian doctors had concerned medical ethics, patient's right, appropriate relation between patient and doctor based on religious principles. Kindness, patients respect, keeping patients secrets, knowledge of the physician, religious observance and avoid un-ethical behavior were important points that have been mentioned in ancient texts.Some of the ancient text that have been reviewed in the current study are as follow:
Alteboalrohani by Razi, kamelosenaatoaltabbiyah by Ali ibn Abbas ahvazi, Adaboltabib by Rohavy, Almoalejatoal boghratiyah by abolhasan tabari, meftaholteb by Ibn hendu, Menhajoaldokan by Abolmona, Kuhin atar kholasatolhekmat by aghili khourasani.بررسی رابطه پزشک و بیمار و تأکید بر جایگاه حقوق بیمار در حوزه روابط اخلاقی و انسانی که در اعصار و قرون گذشته ریشه دارد، از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است.
یافتههای متون طب سنتی کهن نشان میدهد که از دیدگاه پزشکان و حکمای ایرانی و اسلامی، رعایت اخلاق پزشکی در حوزه حقوق بیماران و رابطه صحیح و منطقی بین پزشک و بیمار با تکیه بر رعایت اصول و موازین اخلاقی و آموختههای دینی از مهمترین موضوعات پزشکی بوده است.
نرمخویی، خوشرفتاری، مهربانی، دلسوزی با بیمار، حفظ اسرار بیمار، احترام به بیمار، خردمندی و باسواد بودن پزشک، رعایت تقوا و دینداری، پرهیز از لهو و لعب و... از مواردی است که پایبندی پزشک به آنها در راستای خدمت به بیمار و رعایت حقوق وی در متون پزشکی قدیم، بوده است.
برخی از متون کهن پزشکی که در این مطالعه بررسی شده است، عبارتند از: «الطب الروحانی» رازی، «کامل الصناعة الطبیة» علی بن عباس اهوازی، «ادب الطبیب» رهاوی، «المعالجات البقراطیة» ابوالحسن طبری، «مفتاح الطب» ابن هندو، «منهاجالدکان» ابوالمنی کوهین عطار، «خلاصة الحکمة» عقیلی خراسانی و...