How to improve communication with deaf children in the dental clinic

It may be difficult for hearing-impaired people to communicate with people who hear. In the health care area, there is often little awareness of the communication barriers faced by the deaf and, in dentistry, the attitude adopted towards the deaf is not always correct. A review is given of the basic rules and advice given for communicating with the hearing-impaired. The latter are classified in three groups ? lip-readers, sign language users and those with hearing aids. The advice given varies for the different groups although the different methods of communication are often combined (e.g. sign language plus lip-reading, hearing-aids plus lip-reading). Treatment of hearing-impaired children in the dental clinic must be personalised. Each child is different, depending on the education received, the communication skills possessed, family factors (degree of parental protection, etc.), the existence of associated problems (learning difficulties), degree of loss of hearing, age, etc

Proteomic Differences between Male and Female Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Patellar Tendon

<div><p>The risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and re-injury is greater for women than men. Among other factors, compositional differences may play a role in this differential risk. Patellar tendon (PT) autografts are commonly used during reconstruction. The aim of the study was to compare protein expression in male and female ACL and PT. We hypothesized that there would be differences in key structural components between PT and ACL, and that components of the proteome critical for response to mechanical loading and response to injury would demonstrate significant differences between male and female. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and a label-free quantitative approach was used to identify proteomic differences between male and female PT and ACL. ACL contained less type I and more type III collagen than PT. There were tissue-specific differences in expression of proteoglycans, and ACL was enriched in elastin, tenascin C and X, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, thrombospondin 4 and periostin. Between male and female donors, alcohol dehydrogenase 1B and complement component 9 were enriched in female compared to male. Myocilin was the major protein enriched in males compared to females. Important compositional differences between PT and ACL were identified, and we identified differences in pathways related to extracellular matrix regulation, complement, apoptosis, metabolism of advanced glycation end-products and response to mechanical loading between males and females. Identification of proteomic differences between male and female PT and ACL has identified novel pathways which may lead to improved understanding of differential ACL injury and re-injury risk between males and females.</p></div

Parameters and variables used in estimates and computational model.

<p>¹ No studies report stiffness of embryonic lung tissue. Range is an estimate. Lower bound: 20 Pa for amphibian embryos; upper bound 400 Pa for ASM cells in vitro.</p><p>² We assume that the viscosity of airway lumen fluid in the embryo is lower than that of neonatal airway mucus but higher than that of blood.</p><p>³ Fetal pig airway SM 1–20 kPa, highest in trachea, lowest in bronchioles. We assume this as an upper bound, and that embryonic SM will likely be weaker by 1–2 orders of magnitude. We assume a SM thickness of 15 microns.</p><p>⁴ Fetal pig, pseudoglandular stage</p><p>⁵ Fetal mouse (lowest value).</p><p>⁶ Rabbit fetus, static pressure.</p><p>⁷ Fetal sheep, static pressure.</p><p>Parameters and variables used in estimates and computational model.</p

Diffusion coefficients (μm²/s) of various molecules in various fluids.

<p>Diffusion coefficients in μm²/s. Viscosities (Pa-s) of water 0.001, mouse embryonic lung lumen fluid (this paper) 0.016, neonatal mucus 0.4, adult mucus 3000.</p><p>Diffusion coefficients (μm²/s) of various molecules in various fluids.</p

Differentially expressed proteins between male and female in either anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), or patellar tendon (PT) or both.

<p>The table was curated from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096526#pone.0096526.s004" target="_blank">Tables S3</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096526#pone.0096526.s005" target="_blank">S4</a> using >1 peptide count for either ACL or PT, an ANOVA p-value <0.05 after Hochberg FDR correction for ACL or PT, and Cohen's d for the individual analyte of >0.8. If these criteria were not met for both ACL and PT, the data for the other tissue (italics) were included for completeness.</p><p>*A single peptide was identified in PT which was homologous to ADH1B, ADH1C, and ADH1G. This single peptide was annotated somewhat arbitrarily to ADH1G in the PT dataset (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096526#pone.0096526.s003" target="_blank">Table S2</a>) because of ProteinProphet homology rules and was also identified and quantified in the ACL dataset (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096526#pone.0096526.s002" target="_blank">Table S1</a>). The statistical data has been inserted here for ADH1B because of its consistency between ACL and PT.</p>†<p>all peptides identified as ACTS in PT also map to ACTH in ACL, but the converse is not true for all peptides mapped as ACTH in ACL. Therefore both identifications were represented as ACTH.</p

Estimates of reflux velocity and pressure.

<p>A. Partial occlusion moving distally pushes fluid proximally (reflux), and creates a pressure gradient across the stenosis. B. At the stenosis, average reflux velocity </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><mi>v</mi><mo>¯</mo></p><p><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi></p><p></p><mo>=</mo><p><mi>v</mi></p><p><mi>p</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi></p><p></p><mo>⋅</mo><p></p><p></p><p><mo>(</mo></p><p><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p><mo>(</mo></p><p><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>O</mi></p><mo>)</mo><p></p><p></p><mn>2</mn><p></p><p></p><mo>)</mo><p></p><p></p><mo>/</mo><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><mo>(</mo></p><p><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>O</mi></p><mo>)</mo><p></p><p></p><mn>2</mn><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p> is proportional to velocity of peristaltic wave <i>v</i>_<i>per</i>, but increases rapidly with occlusion (dashed curve). Pressure gradient across the stenosis is proportional to fluid viscosity <i>μ</i> and strongly depends on occlusion <i>O</i>: <p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><mi>d</mi><mi>p</mi></p><p><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></p><p></p><mo>=</mo><p></p><p><mn>8</mn><mi>μ</mi></p><p><mi>v</mi></p><p><mi>p</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></p><p></p><p></p><mo>⋅</mo><p></p><p><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo></p><p></p><p></p><p><mo>(</mo></p><p><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>O</mi></p><mo>)</mo><p></p><p></p><mn>2</mn><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p><mo>(</mo></p><p><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi>O</mi></p><mo>)</mo><p></p><p></p><mn>4</mn><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>, where <i>a</i> is the relaxed lumen radius (solid curve).<p></p

Differentially expressed proteins between male and female in either anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), or patellar tendon (PT) or both.

<p>The table was curated from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096526#pone.0096526.s004" target="_blank">Tables S3</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096526#pone.0096526.s005" target="_blank">S4</a> using >1 peptide count for either ACL or PT, an ANOVA p-value <0.05 after Hochberg FDR correction for ACL or PT, and Cohen's d for the individual analyte of >0.8. If these criteria were not met for both ACL and PT, the data for the other tissue (italics) were included for completeness.</p><p>*A single peptide was identified in PT which was homologous to ADH1B, ADH1C, and ADH1G. This single peptide was annotated somewhat arbitrarily to ADH1G in the PT dataset (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096526#pone.0096526.s003" target="_blank">Table S2</a>) because of ProteinProphet homology rules and was also identified and quantified in the ACL dataset (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096526#pone.0096526.s002" target="_blank">Table S1</a>). The statistical data has been inserted here for ADH1B because of its consistency between ACL and PT.</p>†<p>all peptides identified as ACTS in PT also map to ACTH in ACL, but the converse is not true for all peptides mapped as ACTH in ACL. Therefore both identifications were represented as ACTH.</p

Differentially expressed proteins between anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and patellar tendon (PT).

<p>The table was curated from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096526#pone.0096526.s006" target="_blank">Table S5</a> using >1 peptide count for either ACL or PT, an ANOVA p-value <0.05 after Hochberg FDR correction for ACL or PT, and Cohen's d for the individual analyte of >0.8. This table only includes those proteins present and quantified in both tissue types. Differential expression between ACL and PT for female and male is also identified, with their respective p-values.</p

Agglomorative clustering analysis (A) and Principal Components Analysis (B) of members of the collagen superfamily.

<p>Members of the collagen superfamily identified in males and female anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and patellar tendon (PT).</p

Concentrations (A,C,E), and ratio of protein to albumin (ALBU) (B,D,F) of plasma proteins (A,B,C,D) and amyloid proteins (E,F).

<p>* Patellar Tendon (PT) significantly different to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), # female different to male, + significantly greater than ALBU:ALBU, † Not significantly different from ALBU:ALBU. Statistical comparisons were only made between ACL and PT if the protein was identified in both tissues. (Mean ± SD).</p