An Integrated Photogrammetric and Spatial Database Management System for Producing Fully Structured Data Using Aerial and Remote Sensing Images

3D spatial data acquired from aerial and remote sensing images by photogrammetric techniques is one of the most accurate and economic data sources for GIS, map production, and spatial data updating. However, there are still many problems concerning storage, structuring and appropriate management of spatial data obtained using these techniques. According to the capabilities of spatial database management systems (SDBMSs); direct integration of photogrammetric and spatial database management systems can save time and cost of producing and updating digital maps. This integration is accomplished by replacing digital maps with a single spatial database. Applying spatial databases overcomes the problem of managing spatial and attributes data in a coupled approach. This management approach is one of the main problems in GISs for using map products of photogrammetric workstations. Also by the means of these integrated systems, providing structured spatial data, based on OGC (Open GIS Consortium) standards and topological relations between different feature classes, is possible at the time of feature digitizing process. In this paper, the integration of photogrammetric systems and SDBMSs is evaluated. Then, different levels of integration are described. Finally design, implementation and test of a software package called Integrated Photogrammetric and Oracle Spatial Systems (IPOSS) is presented

Development of an Object-Based Interpretive System Based on Weighted Scoring Method in a Multi-Scale Manner

For an accurate interpretation of high-resolution images, correct training samples are required, whose automatic production is an important step. However, the proper way to use them and the reduction of their defects should also be taken into consideration. To this end, in this study, the application of different combinations of training data in a layered structure provided different scores for each observation. For each observation (segment) in a layer, the scores corresponded to the obtained misclassification cost for all classes. Next, these scores were properly weighted by considering the stability of different layers, the adjacency analysis of each segment in a multi-scale manner and the main properties of the basic classes. Afterwards, by integrating the scores of all classes weighted in all layers, the final scores were produced. Finally, the labels were achieved in the form of collective wisdom, obtained from the weighted scores of all segments. In the present study, the aim was to develop a hybrid intelligent system that can exploit both expert knowledge and machine learning algorithms to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the object-based classification. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method, the results of this research were assessed and compared with those of other methods in the semi-urban domain. The experimental results indicated the reliability and efficiency of the proposed method