5,519 research outputs found
Chaos, containment and change: responding to persistent offending by young people
This article reviews policy developments in Scotland concerning 'persistent young offenders' and then describes the design of a study intended to assist a local planning group in developing its response. The key findings of a review of casefiles of young people involved in persistent offending are reported. It emerges that youth crime and young people involved in offending are more complex and heterogeneous than is sometimes assumed. This, along with a review of some literature about desistance from offending, reaffirms the need for properly individualised interventions. Studies of 'desisters' suggest the centrality of effective and engaging working relationships in this process. However, these studies also re-assert the significance of the social contexts of workers’ efforts to bring 'change' out of 'chaos'. We conclude therefore that the 'new correctionalism' must be tempered with appreciation of the social exclusion of young people who offend
Young people, crime and school exclusion: a case of some surprises
During the 1990s the number of young people being permanently excluded from schools in England and Wales increased dramatically from 2,910 (1990/91) to a peak of 12,700 (1996/97). Coinciding with this rise was a resurgence of the debate centring on lawless and delinquent youth. With the publication of Young People and Crime (Graham and Bowling 1995) and Misspent Youth (Audit Commission 1996) the 'common sense assumption' that exclusion from school inexorably promoted crime received wide support, with the school excludee portrayed as another latter day 'folk devil'. This article explores the link between school exclusion and juvenile crime, and offers some key findings from a research study undertaken with 56 young people who had experience of being excluded from school. Self-report interview questions reveal that whilst 40 of the young people had offended, 90% (36) reported that the onset of their offending commenced prior to their first exclusion. Moreover, 50 (89.2% of the total number of young people in the sample), stated that they were no more likely to offend subsequent to being excluded and 31 (55.4%) stated that they were less likely to offend during their exclusion period. Often, this was because on being excluded, they were 'grounded' by their parents
Larval programming of post-hatch muscle growth and activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Larval muscle development in Atlantic salmon is known to be affected by temperature; however, the long term effects and possible mechanisms involved are less well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of egg incubation temperature on post-hatch muscle growth and fish activity.
Salmon eggs were incubated at either 10°C or 5°C from fertilization until hatching, then subsequently both groups were reared at 5°C. Fish from both groups were sampled at the eyed stage, 6 and 21 weeks after first feeding, for muscle cellularity analysis and immunocytochemistry. In addition, to try to establish a mechanism for altered growth, the activity of the fish was measured at 3, 6 and 21 weeks after first feeding.
Our results demonstrate that whereas fish incubated at 10°C grow faster, the fish incubated at 5°C show a more sustained period of muscle growth and by 21 weeks are significantly longer, heavier and have more muscle fibres than those fish incubated at a higher temperature. We also demonstrate that fish raised at 5°C show increased food seeking activity throughout development and that this may explain their sustained growth and muscle development.
These results taken together, demonstrate that egg incubation temperature up to hatching in salmon is critical for longer term muscle growth, twinned with increased activity. This is of interest to the aquaculture industry in term of the production of good quality fish protein
Data processing model for the CDF experiment
The data processing model for the CDF experiment is described. Data
processing reconstructs events from parallel data streams taken with different
combinations of physics event triggers and further splits the events into
datasets of specialized physics datasets. The design of the processing control
system faces strict requirements on bookkeeping records, which trace the status
of data files and event contents during processing and storage. The computing
architecture was updated to meet the mass data flow of the Run II data
collection, recently upgraded to a maximum rate of 40 MByte/sec. The data
processing facility consists of a large cluster of Linux computers with data
movement managed by the CDF data handling system to a multi-petaByte Enstore
tape library. The latest processing cycle has achieved a stable speed of 35
MByte/sec (3 TByte/day). It can be readily scaled by increasing CPU and
data-handling capacity as required.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, submitted to IEEE-TN
Syndromic surveillance of abortions in beef cattle based on the prospective analysis of spatio-temporal variations of calvings
Angular Diameters of the G Subdwarf Cassiopeiae A and the K Dwarfs Draconis and HR 511 from Interferometric Measurements with the CHARA Array
Using the longest baselines of the CHARA Array, we have measured the angular
diameter of the G5 V subdwarf Cas A, the first such determination for a
halo population star. We compare this result to new diameters for the higher
metallicity K0 V stars, Dra and HR 511, and find that the metal-poor
star, Cas A, has an effective temperature ( K),
radius (), and absolute luminosity
() comparable to the other two stars with later
spectral types. We show that stellar models show a discrepancy in the predicted
temperature and radius for Cas A, and we discuss these results and how
they provide a key to understanding the fundamental relationships for stars
with low metallicity.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journa
Toward Direct Detection of Hot Jupiters with Precision Closure Phase: Calibration Studies and First Results from the CHARA Array
Direct detection of thermal emission from nearby hot Jupiters has greatly
advanced our knowledge of extrasolar planets in recent years. Since hot Jupiter
systems can be regarded as analogs of high contrast binaries, ground-based
infrared long baseline interferometers have the potential to resolve them and
detect their thermal emission with precision closure phase - a method that is
immune to the systematic errors induced by the Earth's atmosphere. In this
work, we present closure phase studies toward direct detection of nearby hot
Jupiters using the CHARA interferometer array outfitted with the MIRC
instrument. We carry out closure phase simulations and conduct a large number
of observations for the best candidate {\upsion} And. Our experiments suggest
the method is feasible with highly stable and precise closure phases. However,
we also find much larger systematic errors than expected in the observations,
most likely caused by dispersion across different wavelengths. We find that
using higher spectral resolution modes (e.g., R=150) can significantly reduce
the systematics. By combining all calibrators in an observing run together, we
are able to roughly recalibrate the lower spectral resolution data, allowing us
to obtain upper limits of the star-planet contrast ratios of {\upsion} And b
across the H band. The data also allow us to get a refined stellar radius of
1.625\pm0.011 R\odot. Our best upper limit corresponds to a contrast ratio of
2.1\times10^3:1 with 90% confidence level at 1.52{\mu}m, suggesting that we are
starting to have the capability of constraining atmospheric models of hot
Jupiters with interferometry. With recent and upcoming improvements of
CHARA/MIRC, the prospect of detecting emission from hot Jupiters with closure
phases is promising.Comment: 30 pages, including 9 figures and 4 tables. Published in PASP in
August 201
Interferometric radii of bright Kepler stars with the CHARA Array: {\theta} Cygni and 16 Cygni A and B
We present the results of long-baseline optical interferometry observations
using the Precision Astronomical Visual Observations (PAVO) beam combiner at
the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) Array to measure the
angular sizes of three bright Kepler stars: {\theta} Cygni, and both components
of the binary system 16 Cygni. Supporting infrared observations were made with
the Michigan Infrared Combiner (MIRC) and Classic beam combiner, also at the
CHARA Array. We find limb-darkened angular diameters of 0.753+/-0.009 mas for
{\theta} Cyg, 0.539+/-0.007 mas for 16 Cyg A and 0.490+/-0.006 mas for 16 Cyg
B. The Kepler Mission has observed these stars with outstanding photometric
precision, revealing the presence of solar-like oscillations. Due to the
brightness of these stars the oscillations have exceptional signal-to-noise,
allowing for detailed study through asteroseismology, and are well constrained
by other observations. We have combined our interferometric diameters with
Hipparcos parallaxes, spectrophotometric bolometric fluxes and the
asteroseismic large frequency separation to measure linear radii ({\theta} Cyg:
1.48+/-0.02 Rsun, 16 Cyg A: 1.22+/-0.02 Rsun, 16 Cyg B: 1.12+/-0.02 Rsun),
effective temperatures ({\theta} Cyg: 6749+/-44 K, 16 Cyg A: 5839+/-42 K, 16
Cyg B: 5809+/-39 K), and masses ({\theta} Cyg: 1.37+/-0.04 Msun, 16 Cyg A:
1.07+/-0.05 Msun, 16 Cyg B: 1.05+/-0.04 Msun) for each star with very little
model dependence. The measurements presented here will provide strong
constraints for future stellar modelling efforts.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, and 5 tables, accepted for publication in Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societ
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